Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction generates large quantities of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregate, and recycling into new asphalt paving mixtures is the predominant application. RAP acceptance in road bases and subbases has been limited, because of the lack of laboratory and field performance data. In the Sultanate of Oman, recycling of pavement materials is not practiced. A previous study conducted at Sultan Qaboos Univ. indicated that RAP-virgin aggregate mixtures could be utilized in the subbase layer rather than in the base course. This paper presents the results of a laboratory evaluation of cement stabilized RAP and RAP-virgin aggregate blends as base materials. Compaction and unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted on the following RAP/virgin aggregate mixtures: 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, and 0/100%. Samples were prepared using 0, 3, 5, and 7% Type I portland cement and were cured for 3, 7, and 28 days in plastic bags at room temperature. A pavement design analysis o...

Municipal solid waste incinerator ash was used to replace fine aggregate in hot-mix asphalt concrete with up to 40% by aggregate weight in the mix. Mix design was performed according to the Marshall mix design method to find the optimum asphalt content for different mixes. The dynamic modulus |E*| test was conducted on all mixes. |E*| master curves were developed. The curves were compared with Witczak's predictive model. Shift factor equations were developed and compared with the proposed equation in the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG). |E*|/sin δ was used as an indicator for the rutting potential of the mixes. The results indicated good agreement between the developed master curves and the predictive model for the control mix (conventional mix), while significant difference was noticed for the ash mixes. The M-E PDG shift factors were found to lie in the middle of the developed factors. The increase in ash content in the asphalt layer is expected to result in higher rutting.

Copper slag (CS) is a by-product of the copper extraction process, which can be used as coarse and/or fine aggregate in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. This study used CS as a replacement of the fine aggregate with a percentage of up to 40% by total aggregate weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CS on the rutting potential of the asphalt concrete mix using two methods. One method is based on the Dynamic modulus |E*| testing result. Actual pavement temperature data from a test section were used with the developed |E*| master curves. EverStressFE finite element program was used to perform a linear elastic load-deformation analysis for a pavement section and to determine the vertical resilient strain in a 40-mm HMA surface layer. The M-E PDG permanent deformation model was used with and Excel Visual Basic for Applications code to predict the accumulated rutting for different CS mixes for 10 million ESALs. The other method used the data from the flow number (FN) test. Based on the |E*| approach, the results indicated that adding 5% CS in the mix increased the predicted rutting from 0.59 to 0.98 mm at 10 million ESALs (increase by 68%). When 40% CS was used, rutting increased by more than 700% compared with the control mix. After analysing the FN results with the Francken model, the results indicated a decrease in FN as CS content is increased, indicating higher rutting potential. The decrease in FN ranged from 9% for 5% CS to 95% for 40% CS. The mixes containing up to 10% CS satisfied the minimum FN criteria for rutting. A calibration process for the M-E PDG distress prediction models that allows the use of waste and by-product materials such as CS should be considered in the future.