Investigating the coupling coordination between urban scale and vitality is critical for enhancing holistic urban development quality and advancing sustainability. Taking the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (ChangZhuTtan) metropolitan area as a case study, this research integrates multi-source raster and vector data to: (1) analyze spatial patterns of urban scale and virtual–substantive vitality; (2) delineate a “scale-vitality” hierarchical zonal structure; (3) quantify coupling relationships across subzones; and (4) propose synergistic spatial optimization strategies. Key findings reveal that, distinct core-periphery structure characterizes urban scale and vitality, with Changsha’s central districts dominating population, land use, and economic metrics, while Zhuzhou and Xiangtan exhibit moderate concentrations. Significant positive correlations exist between urban scale and dual vitality types, with scale-driven vitality enhancement being most pronounced in core agglomeration zones. Furthermore, in the metropolitan core, where both urban scale and vitality values are high, they exhibit a high-value coupling state. As they expanded outward, both metrics gradually decreased, resulting in a low-value coupling state. However, zonal comparisons (core agglomeration circle–peripheral expansion circle) reveal that the proportion of spatially coupled units progressively increases. By elucidating scale-vitality coupling in the ChangZhuTtan metropolitan area, this study provides actionable insights for spatial planning and sustainable urban transition. The methodology framework is replicable for similar metropolitan regions globally.