A 3D mathematical model was developed to simulate the electromagnetic field in Φ600 mm round bloom continuous casting with final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS), and the model was verified using measured data for the magnetic flux density in the stirrer centre. The distribution of electromagnetic force and the influence of current intensity and frequency were investigated. The results show that the Joule heat generated by F-EMS is very small and its influence on secondary cooling heat transfer in the stirring zone can be ignored. With an increase in current frequency, the electromagnetic force density at R/2 and R/3 of the Φ600 mm round bloom first increases and then decreases, reaching a maximum at 10 Hz.

Heavy metal ions (HMIs) threaten ecosystems and human health due to their carcinogenicity, bioaccumulativity, and persistence, demanding highly sensitive, low-cost real-time detection. Electrochemical sensing technology has gained significant attention owing to its rapid response, high sensitivity, and low cost. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), with its layered structure, tunable bandgap, and abundant edge active sites, demonstrates significant potential in the electrochemical detection of heavy metals. This review systematically summarizes the crystal structure characteristics of MoS₂, various preparation strategies, and their mechanisms for regulating electrochemical sensing performance. It particularly explores the cooperative effects of MoS₂ composites with other materials, which effectively enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits of electrochemical sensors. Although MoS₂-based materials have made significant progress in theoretical and applied research, practical challenges remain, including fabrication process optimization, interference from complex-matrix ions, slow trace-metal enrichment kinetics, and stability issues in flexible devices. Future work should focus on developing efficient, low-cost synthesis methods, enhancing interference resistance through microfluidic and biomimetic recognition technologies, optimizing composite designs, resolving interfacial reaction dynamics via in situ characterization, and establishing structure–property relationship models using machine learning, ultimately promoting practical applications in environmental monitoring, food safety, and biomedical fields.

Increasing current density is one of the main methods for improving the productivity of copper electrorefining. However, in the conventional bottom-inlet/top-outlet mode, an increase in current density leads to a deterioration of the surface quality of the cathode copper. This paper describes an experimental study of the influence of the jet flow between electrodes on the cathode quality. The surface roughness and the standard deviation of the cathode copper were used to evaluate the cathode quality. The results showed that in the single-side jet inlet mode, the electrolyte circulation rate has great influence on the surface roughness of the cathode copper, which is inversely correlated. However, when the electrolyte circulation rate is small, the surface roughness of the cathode copper is not uniform. The farther the position at the surface of the cathode copper is to the jet region, the coarser the cathode copper surface, and vice versa.