Plant factories offer a promising opportunity for fresh food production due to their minimal land requirements. Among the adjustable factors in the production system of plant factories, light serves as a critical element, significantly influencing both crop yield and quality. Cilantro, a prevalent culinary herb and a traditional flavoring agent, plays a crucial role in Taiwanese gastronomy. This research investigated cilantro plants grown under nine different light treatments with varying red to far-red ratios and green light percentages over a 49-day period. Results demonstrate that maximum fresh and dry biomass accumulation in both shoot and root tissues occurred under treatments with red to far-red ratios of approximately of 1.8 combined with medium green light intensity. Conversely, medium far-red ratios negatively affected lutein and carotenoid concentrations in foliar tissues. Carotenoid biosynthesis exhibited an inverse relationship with green light intensity, with lower green light percentages corresponding to significantly higher carotenoid concentrations. In terms of energy efficiency, a red to far-red ratio of approximately 1.8 yielded the highest energy yield (g kWh⁻¹) and photon yield (g mol⁻¹), indicating optimal energy conversion efficiency under this spectral composition. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that cilantro cultivation under R53G05B13FR29 spectral composition (53% red, 5% green, 13% blue, 29% far-red) with a 49-day production cycle maximizes biomass while optimizing energy utilization efficiency.