There is considerable heterogeneity across the evidence regarding the effects of intermittent energy restriction and continuous energy restriction among adults with overweight or obesity which presents difficulties for healthcare decision-makers and individuals. This overview of systematic reviews aimed to evaluate and synthesize the existing evidence regarding the comparison of the two interventions. We conducted a search strategy in eight databases from the databases’ inception to December 2021. The quality of 12 systematic reviews was assessed with A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). One review was rated as high quality, 1 as moderate, 4 as low, and 6 as critically low. A meta-analysis of the original studies was conducted for comparison of primary intermittent energy restriction protocols with continuous energy restriction. Intermittent energy restriction did not seem to be more effective in weight loss compared with continuous energy restriction. The advantages of intermittent energy restriction in reducing BMI and waist circumference and improvement of body composition were not determined due to insufficient evidence. The evidence quality of systematic reviews and original trials remains to be improved in future studies.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding acidified milk on the growth and fecal microbial diversity of dairy calves.Methods: Twenty healthy 3-day-old female Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed pasteurized milk (PM, Control), while the other was fed acidified milk (AM) ad libitum until weaned (day 60). The experiment lasted until day 180.Results: There was no difference in the nutritional components between PM and AM. The numbers of Escherichia coli and total bacteria in AM were lower than in PM. At 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 days of age, the milk intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM (p<0.05), and the solid feed intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM at 61 to 90 days (p<0.05). The average daily gain of calves fed AM was also higher than that of calves fed PM at 31 to 60, 61 to 180, and 7 to 180 days (p<0.05). The calves fed AM tended to have a lower diarrhea rate than those fed PM (p = 0.059). Bacteroides had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 50, while Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005 had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 90 and calves fed PM on days 50 and 90. At the taxonomic level, the linear discriminant analysis scores of 27 microorganisms in the feces of calves fed AM and PM on days 50 and 90 were higher than 4.0.Conclusion: Feeding AM increased calf average daily gain and affected fecal bacterial diversity.

AIM: The aim of the study was to systematically evaluate the main factors associated with lung cancer incidence in China and provide reference for developing successful lung cancer interventions and accelerating progress against cancer. METHODS: All publications related to the influencing factors of lung cancer incidence were retrieved from four databases from their date of inception through September 2022. Eight Medical Subject Headings and corresponding keywords were utilized to identify eligible trials in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Chinese Scientific Journals Database (VIP), and China Biology Medicine Database (CBM). The heterogeneity test and meta-analysis were conducted using Review Manager (RevMan, version 5.4) software. This study was designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols. RESULTS: Fourteen studies, published from 2000 to 2019, have been chosen and incorporated in a meta-analysis. The mean total quality score across the included studies was 7, with a range of 6–8. The findings of the meta-analysis demonstrated that smoking (odds ratio=2.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.94–3.11), passive smoking (odds ratio=2.44, 95% confidence interval: 2.13–2.80), lung/respiratory disease (odds ratio=2.66, 95% confidence interval: 1.82–3.89), family history of tumor (odds ratio=2.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.80–4.32), oil fume (odds ratio=1.91, 95% confidence interval: 1.50–2.43), and psychological factor (odds ratio=2.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.89–2.73) were risk factors for lung cancer, while more fruits and vegetables (odds ratio=0.51, 95% confidence interval: 0.35–0.75), exercise (odds ratio=0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.43–0.72), and tea drinking (odds ratio=0.52, 95% confidence interval: 0.32–0.83) were protective factors for lung cancer. Funnel plot analysis demonstrated the absence of any apparent publication bias. CONCLUSION: The risk and protective factors influencing the lung cancer incidence are diverse. Considering the research limitations, we should have more research projects to explore the factors that affect lung cancer incidence and explain the research results. Cite this article as: Yang, K., Jiang, H., Deng, L., Chi, Y., Xiao, X., & Zhang, S. (2024). Factors influencing the lung cancer incidence in china: A meta-analysis. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 32(2), 198-205.