The Great Wall of China is a cultural monument of profound historical significance and a testament to the evolution of various historical periods. As a living heritage, it holds exceptional value. However, due to inadequate protection measures in recent years, numerous sections of the Great Wall have been subject to continuous degradation. While damage to its main structural components and explicit heritage elements has been widely acknowledged, the more critical issue lies in the ambiguous recognition and insufficient safeguarding of its implicit heritage elements. This study explores the composition and classification of protective elements associated with the Great Wall, proposing a framework that emphasizes the dual safeguarding of both its tangible structures and intangible cultural significance. Employing big data collection through search engine optimization (SEO) techniques and questionnaire surveys, this research analyzes recent trends in the prioritization of heritage conservation efforts related to the Great Wall. Furthermore, by constructing a mathematical model based on the “grey relational analysis” method, the study classifies and stratifies various heritage elements to highlight the Wall’s core values and propose targeted protection strategies. The findings reveal that (1) certain regions possess considerable development potential and can be restored and planned as cultural tourism destinations; (2) conservation efforts should prioritize material restoration while preserving the intrinsic spiritual and cultural values; (3) a living heritage transmission strategy should underpin the overall protection framework. Ultimately, the study establishes a classification and grading system for conservation elements centered on the sustainable development of the Great Wall heritage. By concretely mapping the concept of living heritage protection onto the various protective elements of the Great Wall, this research offers valuable insights and recommendations for enhancing conservation practices.

The Great Wall of China, one of the nation’s most remarkable military defense structures, possesses a history spanning several millennia and is associated with numerous heritage sites. Today, it stands as a world-renowned cultural heritage asset. Vegetation growing on the ruins of the Great Wall can exert both detrimental and protective effects on the structure. Indiscriminate removal of such vegetation may lead to unintended damage to the heritage site. Drawing on the theory of “evaluative conservation”, this study integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the Delphi method to develop a resistance assessment system for vegetation removal. A case study was conducted on 40 plant species or categories located along the Ming-era Guangwu section of the Great Wall, with spatial zoning analysis applied to inform removal strategies. The results reveal the structure, key factors, and classification criteria of the resistance evaluation system. Corresponding management recommendations are proposed, including strategies such as “preservation”, “partial preservation”, “removal”, and “subsequent removal and management”. This research provides a foundational reference for the conservation and restoration of the Great Wall heritage, and for the management of associated vegetation.