Advanced drug delivery systems using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is an important development in anti-cancer therapy. PEGylation has the ability to enhance the retention time of the therapeutics like proteins, enzymes small molecular drugs, liposomes and nanoparticles by protecting them against various degrading mechanisms active inside a tissue or cell, which consequently improves their therapeutic potential. PEGylation effectively alters the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a variety of drugs and dramatically improves the pharmaceutical values; recent development of which includes fabrication of stimuli-sensitive polymers/smart polymers and polymeric micelles to cope of with the pathophysiological environment of targeted site with less toxic effects and more effectiveness. This overview discusses PEGylation involving proteins, enzymes, low molecular weight drugs, liposomes and nanoparticles that has been developed, clinically tried for anti-cancer therapy during the last decade

Uses of nanocatalysts have become more useful in optimizing catalytic reactions. They are known to enhance the rate of reaction by offering a greater number of active sites by possessing a high surface-to-volume ratio. In the present work, calcium oxide nanocatalysts were synthesized through the sol–gel method. The particle size of the nanocatalyst prepared ranged up to 8 nm. Soybean oil was used as the raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel. The synthesized nano-CaO was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller). Average BET surface area analysis of the nanocatalyst was calculated to be 67.781 m²/g and pore diameter was 3.302 nm. Nano-CaO catalyst was used to synthesize biodiesel and optimize the reaction variables through optimization processes to achieve a high yield of biodiesel. The reaction variables that were optimized were catalyst amount, oil to methanol molar ratio and reaction temperature. Upon optimization, the conversion of biodiesel was found to be 97.61%. The optimized value of the reaction variables was: catalyst amount of 3.675 wt% with respect to oil, molar ratio (alcohol to oil) of 11:1, and reaction temperature of 60 °C for 2 h. Graphic

Aluminum impregnated chitosan (AIC) was prepared and applied as an adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions. The process involved two stages: (i) isolation of chitosan from chitin, (ii) impregnation of aluminum in isolated chitosan at fixed pH. SEM and EDS techniques were used to characterize the composition of adsorbent AIC. Dynamic adsorption experiments on AIC were carried out at various pH, contact times, adsorption dosages, and initial fluoride concentration to determine optimum adsorption properties. The experimental data were analyzed using two adsorption models, Langmuir and Freundlich, with the later system providing the best fit. Thermodynamic parameters showed the adsorption process as spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption process follows first-order kinetics for which a mechanism has been proposed. Reusability of the AIC was tested up to four consecutive cycles. The desorption experiment showed 92% elution of adsorbed fluoride at a pH of 12. Finally, the performance of the adsorbent material was studied on field water samples collected from a fluorosis endemic-region.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a versatile class of porous crystalline materials due to their tunable structures, large surface areas, and diverse functionalities. Among them, copper-based MOFs (Cu-MOFs) are of particular interest because of the redox activity of copper centers, flexible coordination chemistry, and high affinity for various organic linkers. These features make Cu-MOFs promising candidates for a wide range of applications spanning catalysis, energy conversion and storage, and chemical sensing. This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis and design strategies of Cu-MOFs, including conventional solvothermal and hydrothermal routes, microwave- and sonochemical-assisted methods, electrochemical synthesis, and postsynthetic modifications. Particular emphasis is placed on the ability of these synthetic approaches to tune particle size, morphology, porosity, and stability, which, in turn, dictate their functional performance. The catalytic applications of Cu-MOFs are critically examined, with a focus on photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and heterogeneous catalytic processes for pollutant degradation, hydrogen production, and carbon dioxide reduction. In the context of energy storage, the integration of Cu-MOFs into supercapacitors and batteries is discussed, highlighting their roles in enhancing the capacity, conductivity, and cycling stability. Furthermore, the potential of Cu-MOFs as sensitive and selective sensing platforms for gases, biomolecules, and environmental pollutants is explored, underscoring their versatility beyond catalytic applications. Despite rapid progress, key challenges remain in scaling up the synthesis, ensuring long-term structural stability, and integrating Cu-MOFs into practical devices. Future research directions include the development of cost-effective green synthesis methods, hybrid composite materials with enhanced conductivity, and defect and interface engineering to tailor activity and durability. Overall, Cu-MOFs represent a highly adaptable platform whose continued advancement may significantly impact sustainable energy technologies, environmental remediation, and next-generation sensing systems.