Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads rapidly and is easily contracted by individuals who come near infected persons. With this nature and rapid spread of the contagion, different types of research have been conducted to investigate how non-pharmaceutical interventions can be employed to contain and prevent COVID-19. In this review, we analyzed the key elements of digital contact tracing strategies developed for the prevention and containment of the dreaded epidemic since its outbreak. We carried out a scoping review through relevant studies indexed in three databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and ACM Digital Library. Using some carefully defined search terms, a total of 768 articles were identified. The review shows that 86.32% (n = 101) of the works focusing on contact tracing were published in 2020, suggesting there was an increased awareness that year, increased research efforts, and the fact that the pandemic was given a very high priority by most journals. We observed that many (47.86%, n = 56) of the studies were focused on design and implementation issues in the development of COVID-19 contact tracing systems. In addition, has been established that most of the studies were conducted in 41 countries and that contract tracing app development are characterized by some sensitive issues, including privacy-preserving and case-based referral characteristics.

Malaria and HIV infections are major health problems facing the world today. Sub-Saharan Africa with 10 percent of world's population harbors more than half the burden of the scourge. The present study determined the prevalence and clinical forms of malaria among febrile HIV-infected children aged 3months to 15years, seen in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Nigeria. Cross-sectional study among febrile HIV-infected children and their control cohort were carried out between May and October 2016. The participants had the following investigations: malarial parasite, packed cell volume, random blood sugar, retroviral test. A total of 140 febrile HIV-infected children aged 3 months to 15 years and 140 febrile HIV-negative age- and gender-matched children were recruited; 100 of the HIV-infected children were on ART and cotrimoxazole. The prevalence of malaria among the febrile HIV-infected children was 71.4% (100/140) which was significantly lower than the prevalence of 94.3% (132/140) among the control group (χ² 27.72, p=0.001). Among the febrile HIV-infected children that had malaria, 54(54.0%) had uncomplicated malaria while 46(46.0%) had severe malaria. Of the 132 controls that had malaria, 48(36.4%) had uncomplicated malaria and 84(63.6%) had severe malaria (χ² =7.184, p=0.007). Malaria is a problem in HIV-infected children. Since nearly half of the febrile HIV-infected children had severe form of malaria, it is recommended that health promotion, intermittent malaria prophylaxis, early diagnosis and prompt effective treatment should be instituted for HIV-infected children. This may prevent severe form of malaria and its attendant mortality.

This study investigates optimal intervention strategies for controlling the spread of two co-circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2 within the Nigerian population. A newly formulated epidemiological model captures the transmission dynamics of the dual-strain system and incorporates three key control mechanisms: vaccination, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), and therapeutic treatment. To identify the most effective approach, Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle is employed, enabling the derivation of an optimal control function that minimizes both infection rates and associated implementation costs. Through numerical simulations, this study evaluates the performance of individual, paired, and combined intervention strategies. Additionally, a cost-effectiveness assessment based on the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) framework highlights the most economically viable option, while results suggest that the combined application of vaccination and treatment strategies offers superior control over dual-strain transmission and implementing all three strategies together ensures the most robust suppression of the outbreak.

Airports are destinations where aircraft operate, and facilities such as runways, control towers, terminals, and hangars directly serve aircraft, passengers, and cargo. Airports are essential for moving human beings, goods, and services from one local or international destination to another. They are usually the main entry points for foreigners (expatriates or tourists) into a country. Hence, they have the capacity to drive economic growth, provide employment, and boost trade and tourism. This study aimed to examine the impact of airport infrastructure on the livelihoods of community members in Alakia, Ibadan. A descriptive research design was used for this study, and data were collected from respondents using a questionnaire. The sample size for this study was 384 respondents, as determined using Cochran's formula for the sample size determination. Collected data were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). This study revealed that the local Airport in Alakia is generally well perceived by community members. The fact that the Airport has enhanced income-generating opportunities for the community members implies that the community members will have increased savings and investments, which ultimately can reduce poverty in the community. The Airport has yielded significant infrastructural development in the community; for instance, roads are being constructed and renovated, making it easy for more vehicles to access the community.

This study develops and analyzes an optimal control model for the transmission dynamics of Mpox across four countries (Nigeria, Spain, Italy, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)) with a focus on evaluating the cost-effectiveness of awareness, effective treatment, and a combination of both control strategies. Using a compartmental model and Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, we implement numerical simulations to assess the efficiency indices (EI), total cost (TC), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) for awareness control only, treatment only, and combined control interventions. Results reveal that while combined strategies achieve higher infection prevention, effective treatment only strategies exhibit lower ICER values, indicating greater cost-effectiveness in all countries. These findings highlight that while integrated approaches are epidemiologically impactful, targeted effective treatment interven- tions may offer optimal public health value, particularly in settings with limited healthcare resources like DRC and Nigeria.