Background and Objectives: This paper evaluates the efficacy and safety of ureteral access sheath (UAS) utilization in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to 30 August 2023. The inclusion criteria comprised English-language original studies on RIRS with or without UAS in humans. The primary outcome was SFR, while the secondary outcomes included intraoperative and postoperative complications, the lengths of the operation and the hospitalization period, and the duration of the fluoroscopy. Subgroup analyses and a sensitivity analysis were performed. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s regression tests. Dichotomous variables were analyzed using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), while mean differences (MDs) were employed for continuous variables. Results: We included 22 studies in our analysis. These spanned 2001 to 2023, involving 12,993 patients and 13,293 procedures. No significant difference in SFR was observed between the UAS and non-UAS groups (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.63–1.30, p = 0.59). Intraoperative (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.75–1.69, p = 0.5) and postoperative complications (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 0.89–1.87, p = 0.18) did not significantly differ between the groups. UAS usage increased operation times (MD = 8.30, 95% CI 2.51–14.10, p = 0.005) and fluoroscopy times (MD = 5.73, 95% CI 4.55–6.90, p < 0.001). No publication bias was detected for any outcome. Conclusions: In RIRS, UAS usage did not significantly affect SFR, complications, or hospitalization time. However, it increased operation time and fluoroscopy time. Routine UAS usage is not supported, and decisions should be patient-specific. Further studies with larger sample sizes and standardized assessments are needed to refine UAS utilization in RIRS.

Background and Objectives: The limited literature on the significance and risk factors of intraoperative anastomotic leakage (IAL) following Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (Rs-RARP) highlights the need for further investigation. This study aimed to assess the incidence of IAL, identify its associated risk factors, and evaluate its clinical implications. Materials and Methods: Patients with prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent Rs-RARP performed by a single surgeon between February 2015 and August 2023 were included in this study. Positive IAL was defined as the presence of anastomotic leakage identified through a water injection test performed immediately after vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA). Postoperative urinary continence was defined as the use of no pads or only a safety pad. Patients were categorized into two groups: those with positive IAL and those without. Immediate repair was performed in cases of positive IAL, and cystography was conducted approximately 10–14 days postoperatively. Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney U test, as well as univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses, were used to evaluate the risk factors associated with IAL. Additionally, we analyzed the continence rate and the time to achieve continence following surgery. Results: A total of 230 patients underwent Rs-RARP for prostate adenocarcinoma performed by a single surgeon at our center during the aforementioned period. A water injection test was performed in all patients immediately after the VUA. IAL was observed in 32 patients (14%) during the water injection test. Postoperative cystography revealed very mild contrast medium leakage in only two patients (0.9%), with no impact on clinical recovery. No major IAL cases were identified on postoperative cystography. Patients with positive IAL required a significantly longer time to achieve continence compared to those without IAL (2.13 vs. 0.46 months, p = 0.008). Univariable analysis showed that a locally advanced T stage (>T2), longer console time, and absence of nerve-sparing were significantly associated with positive IAL. In multivariable analysis, a longer console time and a locally advanced T stage remained significant predictors of IAL. Conclusions: IAL detected by the water injection test was associated with the development of postoperative urinary incontinence and delayed recovery of continence. A tumor stage greater than T2 and longer console time were significant predictors of IAL. Further prospective randomized studies with larger sample sizes are required to validate our findings.