The low-permeability gravity-flow sandstone reservoirs in the Dongying Depression, China, contain substantial oil reserves, yet their development is constrained by complex pore structures. In this study, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were integrated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements to investigate the pore system, pore size distribution, and connectivity of Es3z sandstone. By applying a Gaussian multi-peak fitting algorithm to the NMR T₂ spectra, parameters that directly capture the physical attributes of the rocks were extracted. Based on the correlation between these parameters and permeability, three distinct pore structure types (A, B, and C) were identified. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using these NMR T₂ spectral parameters for quantitative pore structure characterization and classification, providing a robust framework for evaluating and predicting the quality of low-permeability reservoirs.

To study the mechanical properties of frozen soil, it is necessary to understand the damage characteristics of frozen soil. Four types of three‐dimensional indoor tests of frozen sand were carried out at −5°C, −10°C, and −15°C to study the mechanical damage properties. These include different stress path tests with the principal stress coefficients of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 while analyzing the entire failure process. First, the three‐dimensional compression test of frozen sand was studied to analyze the influence of temperature and intermediate principal stress coefficient on the large principal stress of frozen soil. The damage cost of frozen sand under the influence of different temperatures and intermediate principal stress coefficients was also established. Second, using the characteristics of discreteness and randomness of the distribution of the microelements inside the frozen soil and assuming that the failure of the microelement of the frozen soil obeys the Weibull distribution, the Drucker–Prager strength criterion was used as the statistical distribution variable of the microelement of the frozen soil based on the strain equivalence hypothesis, statistical theory, and continuous damage mechanics. This allows for a constitutive model of frozen sand damage under the three‐dimensional stress state to be established. Finally, the model parameter values through low‐temperature three‐dimensional test data were able to be determined. This model allows for the physical meaning of Weibull distribution parameters F₀ and m to be analyzed, and the distribution parameters with temperature and intermediate principal stress coefficient can be modified to obtain a modified frozen sand damage constitutive model. The results show that the modified damage constitutive model can simulate the entire process curve of the large principal stress‐strain of frozen sand. It shows that the large principal stress of frozen sand increases with the increase of temperature and intermediate principal stress coefficient. Concurrently, the frozen sand damage constitutive model proposed in this paper can describe the deformation behavior of frozen soil under different temperature and stress paths and can be adapted to various other sediment types.

In multi-phase tectonic activity areas, complex stratigraphic uplift-subsidence cycles lead to multi-phase, superimposed diagenesis. This obscures the mechanisms of reservoir property evolution and makes predicting diagenetic sweet spots difficult. This study investigates the low-permeability clastic reservoirs in the Mesozoic of the Tanhai area, Jiyang Depression. Integrating thin-section petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-pressure mercury injection, and burial history analysis, it reveals multi-phase diagenetic characteristics from a tectonic perspective and quantifies pore structure modification mechanisms. Results show the reservoirs underwent strong compaction and multi-phase carbonate-dominated cementation. Dissolution is further distinguished into meteoric water, organic acid, and volcanic material-related alkaline dissolution. Pore-throat evolution indicates that compaction and cementation shift pores towards micropores (<0.1 µm), while meteoric and alkaline dissolution enlarge mesopores (0.1–10 µm) crucial for permeability. Reservoir diagenesis is divided into five tectonic—diagenetic stages. A quantitative model identifies two diagenetic sweet spot types: (1) zones near unconformities intensely leached by meteoric water, and (2) relatively shallow intervals affected by alkaline dissolution related to volcanic rocks under deep burial. This study establishes a tectonic—diagenetic—pore structure framework. It provides a basis for predicting reservoir sweet spots in analogous multi-phase tectonic settings.

The stage subdivision of gravity-flow deposits is crucial for identifying deep-water reservoirs. Traditional methods relying on visual core observation or macroscopic well log correlation are often subjective and lack the resolution to decipher dynamic fluid evolution. In this study, we introduced the Wavelet Synchrosqueezed Transform (WSST) to process a multi-log reconstructed curve from the Daluhu Area in the Dongying Depression. Compared to the traditional Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), WSST effectively eliminates spectral smearing, reassigning energy into highly focused energy ridges within the 0.5–2.5 m scale window to provide objective mathematical boundaries for depositional stages. Four quantitative parameters—Time-Frequency Concentration (TFC), Instantaneous Bandwidth (IBW), Energy Evolution Gradient (EEG), and Ridge Center Offset (RCO)—were extracted from the WSST matrix. Results show that each parameter serves a distinct geological purpose: EEG spikes accurately locate basal erosional scour surfaces; TFC characterizes the rhythmic amalgamation of gravity flow pulses; IBW captures the high-frequency algorithmic noise unique to massive homogeneous sandstones; and RCO tracks the macroscopic energy decay trajectory of individual flow events. This method offers a highly automated and objective tool for characterizing the hydrodynamic evolution of gravity flows, provided it is properly calibrated with core data to avoid algorithmic ambiguity.

Since the Mesozoic, the Chengdao-Zhuanghai area of the Jiyang Depression in eastern China has undergone multiple tectonic movements, leading to extensive fault development in Mesozoic strata. This study analyzes fault features and evolution using seismic, well logging, and mud logging data to clarify the major characteristics of Mesozoic faults and the impact of their sealing capacity on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. It quantitatively evaluates sealing capacity using a fuzzy evaluation method based on fault plane effective normal stress, shale gouge ratio, and tightness factor, and discusses hydrocarbon-related impacts using well testing and production data. The results showed that the major faults are secondary and tertiary normal faults, predominantly ramp-flat or listric in cross section, with NW, NNW, NNE (NE), and nearly EW strikes and dips of 50–70°; the Chengbei Fault has the largest throw (2–3.2 km) and the longest extension (45.94 km). These faults transition from reverse to normal during Fangzi Formation deposition. The Chengbei 30 North and 304 Faults exhibit poor sealing capacity (hydrocarbon migration), whereas the Chengbei, Chengbei 20, Chengbei 30 South, and Zhuanghai 104 South Faults exhibit good sealing capacity (trap formation and hydrocarbon entrapment). This study provides guidance for the exploration of hydrocarbon-enriched fault block reservoirs near major faults.

In the Chengdao–Zhuanghai area, there are few core samples of Mesozoic clastic rocks but abundant logging data. It is difficult to establish a fracture model of clastic rocks directly based on core samples and relevant tests. In this study, triaxial compression tests are conducted on Mesozoic clastic rock samples to reveal the failure mechanism of clastic rocks. A statistical model based on logging data is utilized to calculate dynamic rock mechanical parameters, and theoretical relationships between static and dynamic mechanical parameters are derived. A failure model for clastic rocks is established using logging data and the minimum energy consumption principle by applying the principle of minimum energy consumption and adopting the unified energy yield criterion of rocks as the energy consumption constraint. This research study shows that a linear relationship exists between the static and dynamic mechanical parameters of Mesozoic clastic rocks, and the correlation coefficient can reach 85%. The core aspect of clastic rock failure is energy dissipation. As confining pressure increases, more energy must be dissipated during the failure of clastic rocks. Upon failure, the releasable elastic energy accumulated within the clastic rocks clearly reflects the confining pressure effect. A higher initial confining pressure leads to a greater release of elastic energy and results in a more severe failure degree. The developed rock failure model effectively represents the nonlinear mechanical behavior of Mesozoic clastic rocks in the Chengdao–Zhuanghai area under complex stress conditions. It is suitable for investigating the fracture distribution of Mesozoic clastic rocks and addresses the challenge of understanding the failure mechanism of these rocks in the Chengdao–Zhuanghai region.