Arundo donax L. (giant reed) is a perennial rhizomatous grass with high drought and salinity tolerance, making it a promising low-input bioenergy crop. However, the understanding of the combined effects of irrigation and nitrogen application in salinized soil on physiological adaptations and biomass allocation is still limited. In this study, we conducted a three-factor orthogonal pot experiment with four levels per factor in 2023 and 2024 as follows: salinity (S0: non-saline, S1: low salinity, S2: moderate salinity, S3: high salinity); irrigation amount (W0: 605, W1: 770, W2: 935, W3: 1100 mm); and nitrogen application (N0: 0, N1: 60, N2: 120, N3: 180 kg/ha). This resulted in 14 irrigation-nitrogen-salinity combined treatments. The results showed the following: (1) Irrigation, nitrogen and salinity significantly affected leaf dimensions, photosynthetic rate, plant height, biomass allocation and dry matter of the total plant (p < 0.05). (2) Significant coupling interactions were observed between salinity and irrigation, as well as between nitrogen and irrigation, affecting leaf morphology, plant height, leaf dry matter and total biomass accumulation; a coupling interaction of salinity and nitrogen was found to affect the leaf area, root, stem and leaf dry weight. (3) The S0N2W2 treatment produced the highest dry biomass, which was 2.2 times higher than for the S3N2W2 treatment. (4) Under moderate-salinity conditions (S2), biomass allocation favored stems and leaves, whereas under high-salinity conditions (S3) biomass allocation shifted towards leaves, followed by stems and roots. A combination of 935 mm irrigation amount and 120 kg/ha nitrogen (N2W2) under S1 and S2 is recommended to optimize biomass production. Our study provides practical irrigation and nitrogen management strategies to enhance A. donax cultivation on marginal saline lands, supporting climate-resilient bio-economy initiatives.

Arundo donax L. (giant reed) is a perennial rhizomatous grass with high drought and salinity tolerance, making it a promising low-input bioenergy crop. However, the combined effects of irrigation and nitrogen application in salinized soil on physiological adaptations and biomass allocation are still limited. In this study, we conducted a three-factor orthogonal pot experiment with four levels per factor in 2023 and 2024: salinity (S0: non-saline, S1: low salinity, S2: moderate salinity, S3: high salinity); irrigation amount (W0: 605, W1: 770, W2: 935, W3: 1100 mm); and nitrogen application (N0: 0, N1: 60, N2: 120, N3: 180 kg/ha). This resulted in 14 irrigation-nitrogen-salinity combined treatments. The results showed the following: (1) Irrigation, nitrogen and salinity significantly affected leaf dimensions (length, width, area and leaf elongation rate, specific leaf weight), photosynthetic rate, plant height, biomass allocation and dry matter of total plant (p < 0.05). (2) Significant coupling interactions were observed between salinity and irrigation, as well as between nitrogen and irrigation, affecting leaf width, leaf elongation rate,plant height,leaf dry matter and total biomass accumulation; coupling interaction of salinity and nitrogen were found to have effect on leaf width, leaf area, leaf fresh weight, root, stem and leaf dry weight. (3) The S0N2W2 treatment produced the highest dry biomass (44.76 ± 0.68 g/plant), which was 2.2 times higher than the S3N2W2 treatment (20.13 ± 0.50 g/plant). (4) Under moderate salinity conditions (S2), biomass allocation favoured stems (42.70%, mean values of 2023 and 2024) and leaves (39.53%, mean values of 2023 and 2024), whereas under high salinity conditions (S3) biomass allocation shifted towards leaves, followed by stems and roots. A combination of 935 mm irrigation amount and 120 kg/ha nitrogen (N2W2) in S1 and S2 is recommended to optimise biomass production. Our study provides practical irrigation and nitrogen management strategies to enhance A. donax cultivation on marginal saline lands, supporting climate-resilient bio-economy initiatives.