Background and Aim: A stocking density system in boilers is well known for increasing productivity. However, this system increases stress and affects the growth performance of broilers. Mulberry is a valuable plant with therapeutic applications in traditional medicine; moreover, it reduces free radicals and improves growth performance in broilers. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry on the blood biochemistry parameters and the antioxidant status of broilers exposed to various raising systems. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-six 3-week-old male broilers were randomly assigned to nine categories composed of three growing systems: Semi-intensive, low stocking density, and high stocking density. Each group was fed with a control diet mixed with and without 10% mulberry leaf extract; the positive control group was provided with vitamin C. During the study, phytochemical screening of mulberry leaf extract, growth performances, hematological parameters, and antioxidant profiles were measured over the 4 weeks of the treatment. Results: In the high stocking density group, lipid peroxidation gradually increased while antioxidant activities decreased; however, the level of lipid peroxidation was reduced, whereas catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly increased. The growth performance and blood biochemistry were improved after being fed with 10% mulberry leaf extract. Conclusion: This finding indicates that mulberry leaf extract reduced oxidative stress, activated antioxidant enzyme activities, and enhanced broilers' growth performance when raised under stress conditions.

Background and Aim: Dermatitis is a soft-tissue infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The recurrence of inflammatory skin is linked to clinical manifestations. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are essential for tissue damage, are released by bacteria through skin tissues. Oxidative stress causes inflammatory cells to necrotize and reduces their antioxidant profile, resulting in toxic damage to surrounding tissues. Although studies on the antibacterial effects of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl., Curcuma longa L., Garcinia mangostana L., and Andrographis paniculata (Burm.). Bacterial infection of S. aureus have been conducted, most of these studies have been in vitro and were not related to the rabbit model. In addition, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant studies need to be evaluated. Thus, this study aims to compare the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of four local herbs with a standard antibiotic in S. aureus-induced rabbit dermatitis model. Materials and Methods: The skin of New Zealand white rabbits were artificially wounded using a sterile blade and then infected with S. aureus. The rabbits were divided into seven groups, each with three rabbits (Total 21 rabbits): The first group was the no infection group (no infection and no treatment with scarification), the second group was the no treatment group (S. aureus infection of the wound but no treatment), and the other five treated groups were T. laurifolia, C. longa, G. mangostana, A. paniculata, and bacitracin cream, all of which involved wound infection and treatments. The treatment lasted for 7 days. The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties after treatment were measured. Results: The efficacy of T. laurifolia, C. longa, G. mangostana, and A. paniculata was similar to that of an antioxidant and free radical scavenging property. The bacterial infection process gradually reduced the activities of antioxidant systems (i.e., enzymatic levels and gene expressions) and total glutathione. However, the activities of the antioxidant system were steadily increased when treated with herbal extracts. During bacterial invasion of the skin, the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive molecules, the level of lipid peroxidation, and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine genes were increased. All these were decreased when herbal extracts were used to treat the lesion. Conclusion: It can be concluded that T. laurifolia, C. longa, G. mangostana, and A. paniculata extract have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and are effective antibacterial agents. G. mangostana is the most effective herbal extract for antidermatitis and has the potential to be used as an alternative topical treatment.

Background and Aim: Good management in goats is known for good quality health and increasing productivity. The physiological change studies in goats are limited despite some existing studies on the relationship of various patterns to growth rates. This study aimed to determine the hematological parameters, oxidative stress, and parasitic infection in three management systems in Thai native goats. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 male goats were randomly assigned to the three systems: The free-range model (FREE), the semi-intensive model (SEMI), and the kept-in-a-cage model (BARN) for 35 days. Blood, fecal sampling, and weight data were collected and monitored every 5 days for analysis. Results: No statistical differences were found in the FREE and SEMI groups, but significance was observed in the BARN group. The body weight of the goats gradually reduced from 13.0 ± 2.44 kg to 10.18 ± 2.61 kg (mean ± standard deviation). In contrast, the significantly increasing red blood cells, packed-cell volume, white blood cells, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, cortisol hormone, and antioxidation profiles were observed to be higher in BARN than in FREE and SEMI groups. The intensity of the parasite eggs was remarkably significant. It was observed in the BARN group between the beginning and end of the experiment (supported by a high level of eosinophils). Conclusion: These data can be applied for the realistic evaluation and improvement of management practices, especially fully restrained management (BARN) for monitoring the health status of goats. Keywords: goat, hematology values, management systems, oxidative stress, parasites.

In Thailand, domestic cats are frequently exposed to vectors that transmit a variety of pathogens. In this study, the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) and their association with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were investigated in 187 domestic cats from animal hospitals across five northeastern provinces. Twelve pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, were screened using PCR assays. FIV was identified in 2.67% of the cats, while FeLV exhibited a notably higher prevalence of 29.95%. Among the bacterial pathogens, Bartonella henselae was the most frequently detected (94.65%), followed by Rickettsia felis (34.22%). Protozoan infections such as Babesia canis (8.02%) and Cytauxzoon felis (3.21%) were less prevalent. Co-infections were common, with numerous cats hosting multiple pathogens. Correlation analysis revealed moderate associations between FIV and Babesia microti (r = 0.43), Babesia canis (r = 0.35), and Mycoplasma spp. (r = 0.33), indicating potential co-infection or predisposition. Although significant differences in the total white blood cell counts were not observed, leukopenia was more commonly found in FeLV/FIV-positive cats. These findings indicate that a high burden of infection and co-infection exists in the feline population, supporting the need for expanded pathogen screening and enhanced vector control strategies.

Background and purpose: N-acetyl-ρ-aminophen (APAP) is a widely used medication with analgesic and antipyretic characteristics. High paracetamol doses can damage the liver. Thai-pigmented rice may treat numerous liver disorders due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and glutathione-restoring capabilities. This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic components in three Thai rice bran extracts and their antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities in an animal model. Experimental approach: Fifty male mice were randomly assigned to the control and APAP studies. Each study was divided into 5 groups (n = 5) treated with distilled water, Hom Mali, Hang-Ngok, and Hom Nil (HN) rice compared with N-acetylcysteine with/without 60 mg/kg/day of APAP orally once a day for two weeks. Blood and liver sampling were collected for analysis. Findings/Results: HN rice bran exhibited higher contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, ferric-reducing antioxidant, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities than Hom Mali and Hang-Ngok. Anthocyanin was merely detected in HN. Following APAP administration, mice exhibited significant increases in hepatic enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)), and malondialdehyde (MDA), but lower levels of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione profiles. Amongst the three cultivars, HN rice was the only compound that decreased MDA, ALT, AST, TNF-α, and IL-6 while increasing antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase that was very close to that of N-acetylcysteine groups. Conclusion and implications: Given the hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties, HN has the potential to be used as a health supplement.

Variation in the 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA56) drives the evolution of Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi) strains, yet the influence of spatiotemporal factors, Leptotrombidium mites, point mutations, and recombination on genetic diversification remains unclear. This study explores variations in type I interferon-associated APOBEC expression and its association with TSA56 sequence variation during intracellular infection. The gene expression profiles of human monocytes, macrophages, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells infected with O. tsutsugamushi were comprehensively analysed as secondary data. This analysis included gene expression profiling, the identification of mutations, and an assessment of TSA56 antigenicity. Principal component analysis revealed distinct separation between infected and uninfected cells, whereas hierarchical clustering revealed specific patterns of gene regulation, with immune-related genes predominant among the top 30 upregulated genes. Notably, APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B were significantly upregulated in infected monocytes, which is consistent with their known involvement in innate immune responses and nucleic acid editing. The molecular functions associated with the upregulated genes included activities related to death receptors, chemokines, cytokine receptors, and catalytic functions. Deaminase-associated genes, such as ADA, AMPD3, APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3G, and ZBP1, were substantially upregulated in infected immune cells and exhibited two distinct expression patterns. Furthermore, the levels of type I and III interferons (IFNs) were markedly increased, with coexpression patterns observed alongside deaminase-associated genes, which is consistent with coordinated immune responses during infection. Furthermore, analysis of the TSA56 transcriptome revealed a predominance of C > U single-nucleotide variants consistent with APOBEC-associated mutational signatures, suggesting a possible association with host deaminase activity during intracellular infection. Because this study is based on independent public transcriptomic datasets and computational sequence analyses, the findings should be interpreted as descriptive and hypothesis-generating rather than as mechanistic or predictive.