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Zbigniew Waskiewicz
Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation Moscow, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 19c1 Moscow, Russia

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Review
Published: 02 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Cold water swimming (winter or ice swimming) has a long tradition in northern countries. Until a few years ago, ice swimming was practiced by very few extreme athletes. For some years now, ice swimming has been held as competitions in ice-cold water (colder than 5 °C). The aim of this overview is to present the current status of benefits and risks for swimming in cold water. When cold water swimming is practiced by experienced people with good health in a regular, graded and adjusted mode, it appears to bring health benefits. However, there is a risk of death in unfamiliar people, either due to the initial neurogenic cold shock response or due to a progressive decrease in swimming efficiency or hypothermia.

ACS Style

Beat Knechtle; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Caio Victor Sousa; Lee Hill; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis. Cold Water Swimming—Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8984 .

AMA Style

Beat Knechtle, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Caio Victor Sousa, Lee Hill, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis. Cold Water Swimming—Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (23):8984.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beat Knechtle; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Caio Victor Sousa; Lee Hill; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis. 2020. "Cold Water Swimming—Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8984.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2020 in Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
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Background The present study assessed the prevalence of non-contact muscle injuries of the lower limbs, including hamstring injuries, in professional Russian soccer players who regularly perform Salah, an obligatory Muslim prayer performed 5 times a day. Methods Using a retrospective cohort study design, 68 professional male soccer players (excluding goalkeepers), 34 of whom were Muslims regularly performing Salah (exposure group) and 34 were randomly chosen non-Muslim players (control group), were included in the study. The groups were similar in their playing leagues, field positions, age (27 ± 3.1 vs 28 ± 4.2 years), and body mass index (22 ± 1.2 vs 23 ± 0.92 kg/m2). Results The incidence of hamstring injury was significantly lower in the exposure group (2 vs 14, p = 0.0085). A declining trend for the number of muscle injuries (either hamstring or not) was observed in the exposure group (11 vs 27, p = 0.0562). Two players in the exposure group and 11 in the control group (p = 0.0115, OR 0.1307, 95% CI 0.0276 to 0.5698) suffered a hamstring injury, with no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of other injuries. The total amount of the training and play days missed because of hamstring and other muscle injuries was significantly lower in the exposure group (24 vs 213 days, p = 0.0043, and 200 vs 344 days, p = 0.0066, respectively). Conclusion The prevalence of non-contact muscle injuries, including hamstring injuries, was lower in professional Russian soccer players who regularly performed Salah.

ACS Style

Eduard Bezuglov; Oleg Talibov; Mikhail Butovskiy; Anastasiya Lyubushkina; Vladimir Khaitin; Artemii Lazarev; Evgeny Achkasov; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle; Nicola Maffulli. The prevalence of non-contact muscle injuries of the lower limb in professional soccer players who perform Salah regularly: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2020, 15, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Eduard Bezuglov, Oleg Talibov, Mikhail Butovskiy, Anastasiya Lyubushkina, Vladimir Khaitin, Artemii Lazarev, Evgeny Achkasov, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Beat Knechtle, Nicola Maffulli. The prevalence of non-contact muscle injuries of the lower limb in professional soccer players who perform Salah regularly: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2020; 15 (1):1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduard Bezuglov; Oleg Talibov; Mikhail Butovskiy; Anastasiya Lyubushkina; Vladimir Khaitin; Artemii Lazarev; Evgeny Achkasov; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle; Nicola Maffulli. 2020. "The prevalence of non-contact muscle injuries of the lower limb in professional soccer players who perform Salah regularly: a retrospective cohort study." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 15, no. 1: 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study was to investigate how family life and marital status influence the motivations of ultramarathoners. Two-hundred-sixty-seven Polish athletes participated in the diagnostic survey during the Karkonosze Winter Ultramarathon. The Polish version of the Motivation of Marathoner Scale was used. The motivations of ultra-runners were investigated among the following groups of respondents: people in a relationship/marriage; singles; people with children vs. childless people; people who run alone and with a partner; people who parted with a partner because of lack of support for running. Research results can be useful for sport managers–e.g., findings show the relative importance of modern sport for singles in the second half of life. Research has also shown how people in relationships and people with children can be realized through demanding long-distance running. We also found that running ultramarathons can pose a threat to a relationship.

ACS Style

Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz. The Impact of Family Life and Marital Status on the Motivations of Ultramarathoners: The Karkonosze Winter Ultramarathon Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6596 .

AMA Style

Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz. The Impact of Family Life and Marital Status on the Motivations of Ultramarathoners: The Karkonosze Winter Ultramarathon Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz. 2020. "The Impact of Family Life and Marital Status on the Motivations of Ultramarathoners: The Karkonosze Winter Ultramarathon Case Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6596.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Polymers
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This research investigated the effect of irradiation with an electron beam energy of 10 MeV in doses of 26–156 kGy on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with a 15% and 20% graphite additive. The research has shown that mechanical (compression strength, hardness, and Young’s modulus) and sclerometric (coefficient of wear micromechanism and coefficient of resistance to wear) properties improve and tribological wear decreases as graphite content increases. Electron beam irradiation increases the degree of crystallinity of both materials to a similar extent. However significant differences in the improvement of all examined properties have been demonstrated for PTFE with higher (20%) graphite content subjected to the electron beam irradiation. This polymer is characterized by higher hardness and Young’s modulus, reduced susceptibility to permanent deformation, higher elasticity, compression strength, and above all, a nearly 30% reduction in tribological wear compared to PTFE with a 15% graphite additive. The most advantageous properties can be obtained for both of the examined composites after absorbing a dose of 104 kGy. The obtained results hold promise for the improvement of the operational life of friction couples which do not require lubrication, used for example in air compressors and engines, and for the possibility of application of these modified polymers. In particular PTFE with 20% graphite content, in the nuclear and space industry.

ACS Style

Adrian Barylski; Andrzej S. Swinarew; Krzysztof Aniołek; Sławomir Kaptacz; Jadwiga Gabor; Arkadiusz Stanula; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Beat Knechtle. Tribological and Mechanical Behavior of Graphite Composites of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Irradiated by the Electron Beam. Polymers 2020, 12, 1676 .

AMA Style

Adrian Barylski, Andrzej S. Swinarew, Krzysztof Aniołek, Sławomir Kaptacz, Jadwiga Gabor, Arkadiusz Stanula, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Beat Knechtle. Tribological and Mechanical Behavior of Graphite Composites of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Irradiated by the Electron Beam. Polymers. 2020; 12 (8):1676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adrian Barylski; Andrzej S. Swinarew; Krzysztof Aniołek; Sławomir Kaptacz; Jadwiga Gabor; Arkadiusz Stanula; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Beat Knechtle. 2020. "Tribological and Mechanical Behavior of Graphite Composites of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Irradiated by the Electron Beam." Polymers 12, no. 8: 1676.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2020 in Materials
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The paper presents the results of tests on the corrosion resistance of Fe40Al5Cr0.2TiB alloy after casting, plastic working using extrusion and rolling methods. Examination of the microstructure of the Fe40Al5Cr0.2TiB alloy after casting and after plastic working was performed on an Olympus GX51 light microscope. The stereological relationships of the alloy microstructure in the state after crystallization and after plastic working were determined. The quantitative analysis of the structure was conducted after testing with the EBSD INCA HKL detector and the Nordlys II analysis system (Channel 5), which was equipped with the Hitachi S-3400N microscope. Structure tests and corrosion tests were performed on tests cut perpendicular to the ingot axis, extrusion direction, and rolling direction. As a result of the tests, it was found that the crystallized alloy has better corrosion resistance than plastically processed material. Plastic working increases the intensity of the electrochemical corrosion of the examined alloy. It was found that as-cast alloy is the most resistant to corrosion in a 5% NaCl compared with the alloys after hot extrusion and after hot rolling. The parameters in this study show the smallest value of the corrosion current density and corrosion rate as well as the more positive value of corrosion potential.

ACS Style

Janusz Cebulski; Dorota Pasek; Bartosz Chmiela; Magdalena Popczyk; Andrzej Szymon Swinarew; Arkadiusz Stanula; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Beat Knechtle. Evaluation of Structure and Corrosion Behavior of FeAl Alloy after Crystallization, Hot Extrusion and Hot Rolling. Materials 2020, 13, 2041 .

AMA Style

Janusz Cebulski, Dorota Pasek, Bartosz Chmiela, Magdalena Popczyk, Andrzej Szymon Swinarew, Arkadiusz Stanula, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Beat Knechtle. Evaluation of Structure and Corrosion Behavior of FeAl Alloy after Crystallization, Hot Extrusion and Hot Rolling. Materials. 2020; 13 (9):2041.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janusz Cebulski; Dorota Pasek; Bartosz Chmiela; Magdalena Popczyk; Andrzej Szymon Swinarew; Arkadiusz Stanula; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Beat Knechtle. 2020. "Evaluation of Structure and Corrosion Behavior of FeAl Alloy after Crystallization, Hot Extrusion and Hot Rolling." Materials 13, no. 9: 2041.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2020 in Respiratory Research
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Swimming is one of the most popular forms of physical activity. Pool water is cleaned with chlorine, which - in combination with compounds contained in water - could form chloramines and trichloromethane in the swimmer’s lungs. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of swimming training in an indoor pool on the composition of swimmers’ respiratory phase metabolomics, and develop a system to provide basic information about its impact on the swimmer’s airway mucosa metabolism, which could help to assess the risk of secondary respiratory tract diseases i.e. sport results, condition, and health including lung acute and chronic diseases). A group of competitive swimmers participated in the study and samples of their respiratory phase before training, immediately after training, and 2 h after training were assessed. Sixteen male national and international-level competitive swimmers participated in this study. Respiratory phase analysis of the indoor swimming pool swimmers was performed. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used in the measurements. All collected data were transferred to numerical analysis for trends of tracking and mapping. The breathing phase was collected on special porous material and analyzed using GCMS headspace. The obtained samples of exhaled air were composed of significantly different metabolomics when compared before, during and after exercise training. This suggests that exposition to indoor chlorine causes changes in the airway mucosa. This phenomenon may be explained by occurrence of a chlorine-initiated bio-reaction in the swimmers’ lungs. The obtained results indicate that chromatographic exhaled gas analysis is a sensitive method of pulmonary metabolomic changes assessment. Presented analysis of swimmers exhaled air indicates, that indoor swimming may be responsible for airway irritation caused by volatile chlorine compounds and their influence on lung metabolism.

ACS Style

Andrzej S. Swinarew; Arkadiusz J. Stanula; Jadwiga Gabor; Paweł Raif; Jarosław Paluch; Jakub Karpiński; Klaudia Kubik; Hubert Okła; Andrzej Ostrowski; Ewaryst Tkacz; Szymon Skoczyński; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle. The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers. Respiratory Research 2020, 21, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Andrzej S. Swinarew, Arkadiusz J. Stanula, Jadwiga Gabor, Paweł Raif, Jarosław Paluch, Jakub Karpiński, Klaudia Kubik, Hubert Okła, Andrzej Ostrowski, Ewaryst Tkacz, Szymon Skoczyński, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Beat Knechtle. The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers. Respiratory Research. 2020; 21 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej S. Swinarew; Arkadiusz J. Stanula; Jadwiga Gabor; Paweł Raif; Jarosław Paluch; Jakub Karpiński; Klaudia Kubik; Hubert Okła; Andrzej Ostrowski; Ewaryst Tkacz; Szymon Skoczyński; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle. 2020. "The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers." Respiratory Research 21, no. 1: 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2020 in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
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Background The beneficial adaptation of skeletal muscle function to strenuous exercise is partially attributable to the improvement of vitamin D status. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3-week vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D levels and skeletal muscle biomarkers (i.e. troponin, myoglobin, creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase) of endurance runners. Methods A double-blind placebo-controlled study design was used and vitamin D supplementation was compared to a non-treatment control group. Twenty-four runners, competitors of the ultra-marathons held during the National Running Championships, were randomly assigned into two groups supplemented with the dose of 2000 IU vitamin D or placebo for three weeks. All subjects participated in three exercise protocols: (a) incremental exercise test (to determine the maximum oxygen uptake and the intensity of eccentric exercise), (b) eccentric exercise before and (c) after two dietary protocols. Venous blood samples were drawn at rest, immediately after the exercise and after 1 h and 24 h of recovery in order to estimate serum 25(OH)D levels, skeletal muscle biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. A two-way ANOVA was used to test main effects and their interactions and Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed to determine the effects of inter-variable relationships. Results Significant differences between pre- and post-intervention in baseline 25(OH)D levels were observed (34.9 ± 4.7 versus 40.3 ± 4.9 ng/ml, p = 0.02) in supplemented group. A higher post intervention 25(OH)D level was observed after vitamin D diet compared to placebo (40.3 ± 4.9 versus 31.8 ± 4.2 ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). The vitamin D supplementation decreased post-exercise (TN max) and 1 h post-exercise troponin (p = 0.004, p = 0.03, respectively), 1 h post-exercise myoglobin concentration (p = 0.01) and TNF-α levels(p < 0.03). 24 h post exercise creatine kinase activity was significantly lower in supplemented group compared to placebo (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between post exercise 25(OH)D levels and myoglobin levels (r = − 0.57; p = 0.05), and 25(OH)D levels and TNFα (r = − 0.58; p = 0.05) in vitamin D supplemented group. Conclusions Three weeks of vitamin D supplementation had a positive effect on serum 25(OH)D levels in endurance trained runners and it caused a marked decrease in post-exercise biomarkers levels. We concluded that vitamin D supplementation might play an important role in prevention of skeletal muscle injuries following exercise with eccentric muscle contraction in athletes.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska; Ewa Sadowska-Krępa; Arkadiusz Stanula; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Olga Łakomy; Eduard Bezuglov; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum total 25(OH) levels and biochemical markers of skeletal muscles in runners. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2020, 17, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska, Ewa Sadowska-Krępa, Arkadiusz Stanula, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Olga Łakomy, Eduard Bezuglov, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum total 25(OH) levels and biochemical markers of skeletal muscles in runners. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2020; 17 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska; Ewa Sadowska-Krępa; Arkadiusz Stanula; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Olga Łakomy; Eduard Bezuglov; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2020. "The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum total 25(OH) levels and biochemical markers of skeletal muscles in runners." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 17, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2020 in Materials
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The paper presents research on evaluation of corrosion resistance of Ni-W alloy coatings subjected to heat treatment. The corrosion resistance was tested in 5% NaCl solution by the use of potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Characteristics of the Ni-W coatings after heat treatment were carried out using scanning electron microscopy, scanning Kelvin probe technique and X-ray diffraction. Suggested reasons for the improvement of properties of the heat treated Ni-W coating, obtained at the lowest current density value (125 mA∙cm−2), are the highest tungsten content (c.a. 25 at.%) as well as the smallest and the most homogeneous electrochemically active surface area.

ACS Style

Magdalena Popczyk; Julian Kubisztal; Andrzej Szymon Swinarew; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Arkadiusz Stanula; Beat Knechtle. Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated Ni-W Alloy Coatings. Materials 2020, 13, 1172 .

AMA Style

Magdalena Popczyk, Julian Kubisztal, Andrzej Szymon Swinarew, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Arkadiusz Stanula, Beat Knechtle. Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated Ni-W Alloy Coatings. Materials. 2020; 13 (5):1172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magdalena Popczyk; Julian Kubisztal; Andrzej Szymon Swinarew; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Arkadiusz Stanula; Beat Knechtle. 2020. "Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated Ni-W Alloy Coatings." Materials 13, no. 5: 1172.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2020 in Polymers
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This study analyzed the effects of irradiation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) containing 40% of bronze using an electron beam with energy of 10 MeV. Dosages from 26 to156 kGy (2.6–15.6 Mrad) were used. The impact of a high-energy electron beam on the thermal, spectrophotometric, mechanical, and tribological properties was determined, and the results were compared with those obtained for pure PTFE. Thermal properties studies showed that such irradiation caused changes in melting temperature Tm and crystallization temperature Tc, an increase in crystallization heat ∆Hc, and a large increase in crystallinity χc proportional to the absorbed dose for both polymers. The addition of bronze decreased the degree of crystallinity of PTFE by twofold. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies confirmed that the main phenomenon associated with electron beam irradiation was the photodegradation of the polymer chains for both PTFE containing bronze and pure PTFE. This had a direct effect on the increase in the degree of crystallinity observed in DSC studies. The use of a bronze additive could lead to energy dissipation over the additive particles. An increase in hardness H and Young’s modulus E was also observed. The addition of bronze and the irradiation with an electron beam improved of the operational properties of PTFE.

ACS Style

Adrian Barylski; Krzysztof Aniołek; Andrzej S. Swinarew; Sławomir Kaptacz; Jadwiga Gabor; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Arkadiusz Stanula. Novel Organic Material Induced by Electron Beam Irradiation for Medical Application. Polymers 2020, 12, 306 .

AMA Style

Adrian Barylski, Krzysztof Aniołek, Andrzej S. Swinarew, Sławomir Kaptacz, Jadwiga Gabor, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Arkadiusz Stanula. Novel Organic Material Induced by Electron Beam Irradiation for Medical Application. Polymers. 2020; 12 (2):306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adrian Barylski; Krzysztof Aniołek; Andrzej S. Swinarew; Sławomir Kaptacz; Jadwiga Gabor; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Arkadiusz Stanula. 2020. "Novel Organic Material Induced by Electron Beam Irradiation for Medical Application." Polymers 12, no. 2: 306.

Review
Published: 04 December 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common types of cardiac arrhythmias. This review article highlights the problem of the development of atrial fibrillation in individuals engaged in physical activity and sports. Predisposing factors, causes, and development mechanisms of atrial fibrillation in athletes from the perspective of the authors are described. Methods of treatment, as well as prevention of thromboembolic complications, are discussed. Directions for further studies of this problem and prevention of complications are proposed.

ACS Style

Evgeny Achkasov; Sergey Bondarev; Alexey Smirnov; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle. Atrial Fibrillation in Athletes—Features of Development, Current Approaches to the Treatment, and Prevention of Complications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4890 .

AMA Style

Evgeny Achkasov, Sergey Bondarev, Alexey Smirnov, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Beat Knechtle. Atrial Fibrillation in Athletes—Features of Development, Current Approaches to the Treatment, and Prevention of Complications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (24):4890.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evgeny Achkasov; Sergey Bondarev; Alexey Smirnov; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle. 2019. "Atrial Fibrillation in Athletes—Features of Development, Current Approaches to the Treatment, and Prevention of Complications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 4890.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The relative age effect (RAE) has been well studied in adolescent and adult soccer players; however, less information has been available about children engaged in regular soccer training and the role of performance. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of RAE in children and adolescent soccer players, as well as the role of age and performance. Russian soccer players (n = 10,446) of various ages, playing positions and performance levels were examined for their date of birth. It was observed that RAE was widespread in Russian soccer teams of all age groups. RAE was most pronounced in children teams of the top tier Russian soccer academies and junior Russia national teams, where the proportions of soccer players born in the first quarter were 43.9% and 39.8%, respectively, whereas those born in the fourth quarter of the year were 7.7% and 6.3%, respectively. In top tier soccer academies, RAE did not vary by age group. In the middle tier soccer academies, RAE was less pronounced. It was still prevalent in the junior teams of the top tier clubs of the Russian Premier League, where 14.3% of the soccer players were born in the fourth quarter of the year compared to 42.9% born in the first quarter of the year. RAE can be observed in the top tier Russian adult teams as well, although it is less pronounced there. In summary, RAE is highly prevalent in Russian children and junior soccer and is associated with the level of competitiveness. At the same time, the proportion of players born in the fourth quarter of the year is higher in adult teams than in junior and youth teams, which is most likely due to the wider selection of players, not limited by their age and place of residence. In junior teams, RAE results in a bias towards selection of players who are more physically mature, whereas children who may be more talented but are less developed due to their younger chronological age tend to be overlooked.

ACS Style

Eduard Nikolayevich Bezuglov; Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis; Vladimir Khaitin; Elvira Usmanova; Anastasiya Luibushkina; Alexey Repetiuk; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Dagmara Gerasimuk; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. Prevalence of Relative Age Effect in Russian Soccer: The Role of Chronological Age and Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4055 .

AMA Style

Eduard Nikolayevich Bezuglov, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Vladimir Khaitin, Elvira Usmanova, Anastasiya Luibushkina, Alexey Repetiuk, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Dagmara Gerasimuk, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. Prevalence of Relative Age Effect in Russian Soccer: The Role of Chronological Age and Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (21):4055.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduard Nikolayevich Bezuglov; Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis; Vladimir Khaitin; Elvira Usmanova; Anastasiya Luibushkina; Alexey Repetiuk; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Dagmara Gerasimuk; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2019. "Prevalence of Relative Age Effect in Russian Soccer: The Role of Chronological Age and Performance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4055.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2019 in Nutrients
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Vitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency and deficiency are highly prevalent in adult soccer players and can exceed 80% even in regions with high insolation; however, the treatment of this condition is often complicated. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in youth Russian soccer players and the efficacy of its treatment. Participants were 131 young male football players (age 15.6 ± 2.4 years). Low vitamin D levels (below 30 ng/mL) were observed in 42.8% of the analyzed participants. These athletes were split in two groups composed of persons with vitamin D deficiency (serum vitamin D below 21 ng/mL) and insufficiency (serum vitamin D in range of 21–29 ng/mL). A dietary supplement of 5000 IU cholecalciferol per day was administered for two months. After the treatment, an average 92% increase in vitamin D concentration was observed (before treatment—19.7 ± 5.4 ng/mL, after treatment—34.7 ± 8.6 ng/mL, p

ACS Style

Eduard Bezuglov; Aleksandra Tikhonova; Anastasiya Zueva; Vladimir Khaitin; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Dagmara Gerasimuk; Aleksandra Żebrowska; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle. Prevalence and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Male Russian Soccer Players in Winter. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2405 .

AMA Style

Eduard Bezuglov, Aleksandra Tikhonova, Anastasiya Zueva, Vladimir Khaitin, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Dagmara Gerasimuk, Aleksandra Żebrowska, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis Nikolaidis, Beat Knechtle. Prevalence and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Male Russian Soccer Players in Winter. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (10):2405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduard Bezuglov; Aleksandra Tikhonova; Anastasiya Zueva; Vladimir Khaitin; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Dagmara Gerasimuk; Aleksandra Żebrowska; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle. 2019. "Prevalence and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Male Russian Soccer Players in Winter." Nutrients 11, no. 10: 2405.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2019 in Polymers
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In today's analytical trends, there is an ever-increasing importance of polymeric materials for low molecular weight compounds including amines and drugs because they can act as carriers or capture amines or drugs. The use of this type of materials will allow the development of modern materials for the chromatographic column beds and the substrates of selective sensors. Moreover, these kinds of materials could be used as a drug carrier. Therefore, the aim of this study is presenting the synthesis and complexing properties of star-shaped oxiranes as a new sensor for the selective complexation of low molecular weight compounds. Propylene oxide and selected oxirane monomers with carbazolyl in the substituent were selected as the monomers in this case and tetrahydrofuran as its solvent. The obtained polymer structures were characterized using the MALDI-TOF. It was found that in the initiation step potassium hydride deprotonates the monomer molecule and takes also part in the nucleophilic substitution. The resulting polymeric material preferably cross-linked with selected di-oxiranes (1,2,7,8-diepoksyoktan in respect ratio 3:1 according to active center) was then used as a stationary phase in the column and thin layer chromatography for amine separation and identification. Sorption ability of the resulting deposits was determined using a quartz microbalance (QCMB). The study was carried out in stationary mode and flow cells to simulate actual operating phase conditions. Based on changes in electrode vibration frequency, the maximum amount of adsorbed analyte and the best conditions for its sorption were determined.

ACS Style

Andrzej Szymon Swinarew; Beata Swinarew; Jadwiga Gabor; Magdalena Popczyk; Klaudia Kubik; Arkadiusz Stanula; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. New Kind of Polymer Materials Based on Selected Complexing Star-Shaped Polyethers. Polymers 2019, 11, 1554 .

AMA Style

Andrzej Szymon Swinarew, Beata Swinarew, Jadwiga Gabor, Magdalena Popczyk, Klaudia Kubik, Arkadiusz Stanula, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. New Kind of Polymer Materials Based on Selected Complexing Star-Shaped Polyethers. Polymers. 2019; 11 (10):1554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Szymon Swinarew; Beata Swinarew; Jadwiga Gabor; Magdalena Popczyk; Klaudia Kubik; Arkadiusz Stanula; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2019. "New Kind of Polymer Materials Based on Selected Complexing Star-Shaped Polyethers." Polymers 11, no. 10: 1554.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2019 in Nutrients
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Background: Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among athletes, and it can negatively affect physical performance. At the same time, most of the available data were obtained from untrained individuals of various ages, and published studies performed in athletes led to contradictory conclusions. Methods: This cohort prospective study examined the serum concentration of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D) and its association with running speed and muscle power in 131 young football players (mean age 15.6 ± 2.4 years). Results: 25(OH)D levels were below reference in 42.8% (serum 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL) and above reference in 30.5% of the participants (serum 25(OH)D 61-130 ng/mL). A comparison of the results of 5, 15, and 30 m sprint tests and the standing long jump test found no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Athletes from the 25(OH)D-insufficient group were treated with 5000 IU cholecalciferol supplement daily for 60 days. After the treatment, the 25(OH)D concentration increased by 79.2% and was within reference in 84% of the treated athletes (serum 25(OH)D 30-60 ng/mL). Testing was repeated after the end of treatment, and a statistically significant increase in the results of the 5, 15, and 30 m sprint tests was observed (Cohen's d was 0.46, 0.33, and 0.34, respectively), while the results of the standing long jump test remained unchanged. Body height, body weight, and lean body mass of the football players also increased. Conclusions: These findings indicate that there is likely no correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D, muscle power, and running speed in young professional football players, and the changes observed post-treatment might have been caused by changes in the anthropometric parameters. During the study, all the anthropometric parameters changed, but the amount of lean body mass only correlated with the results of the 5 m sprint.

ACS Style

Eduard Bezuglov; Aleksandra Tikhonova; Anastasiya Zueva; Vladimir Khaitin; Anastasiya Lyubushkina; Evgeny Achkasov; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Dagmara Gerasimuk; Aleksandra Żebrowska; Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. The Dependence of Running Speed and Muscle Strength on the Serum Concentration of Vitamin D in Young Male Professional Football Players Residing in the Russian Federation. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1960 .

AMA Style

Eduard Bezuglov, Aleksandra Tikhonova, Anastasiya Zueva, Vladimir Khaitin, Anastasiya Lyubushkina, Evgeny Achkasov, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Dagmara Gerasimuk, Aleksandra Żebrowska, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. The Dependence of Running Speed and Muscle Strength on the Serum Concentration of Vitamin D in Young Male Professional Football Players Residing in the Russian Federation. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (9):1960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduard Bezuglov; Aleksandra Tikhonova; Anastasiya Zueva; Vladimir Khaitin; Anastasiya Lyubushkina; Evgeny Achkasov; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Dagmara Gerasimuk; Aleksandra Żebrowska; Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2019. "The Dependence of Running Speed and Muscle Strength on the Serum Concentration of Vitamin D in Young Male Professional Football Players Residing in the Russian Federation." Nutrients 11, no. 9: 1960.

Original research article
Published: 25 July 2019 in Frontiers in Psychology
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The aim of this study was to compare the motivations of successful marathon finishers (n = 1,243) and inexperienced runners (control group, n = 296). A total of 1,537 runners with 380 women (24.7%) and 1,157 men (75.3%) completed the motivations of marathoners scales (MOMS) questionnaire and the relationships between general motivation categories and selected demographic (e.g., gender, age, and education) and training characteristics were analyzed. Successful marathon finishers did not differ significantly in motivations from the control group (p > 0.05). Trivial to small correlations with age, educational level, and training characteristics were observed. Female marathon finishers exceeded men on the motivational scales for weight concern, affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning, and self-esteem and they scored lower on competitive motivation (p < 0.05). There was also a significant relationship of some motivational aspects with level of education, experience and training frequency. These findings confirmed that age and gender differentiate motivations in both successful female and male marathon finishers and controls.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Dagmara Gerasimuk; Zbigniew Borysiuk; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. What Motivates Successful Marathon Runners? The Role of Sex, Age, Education, and Training Experience in Polish Runners. Frontiers in Psychology 2019, 10, 1671 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Dagmara Gerasimuk, Zbigniew Borysiuk, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. What Motivates Successful Marathon Runners? The Role of Sex, Age, Education, and Training Experience in Polish Runners. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019; 10 ():1671.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Dagmara Gerasimuk; Zbigniew Borysiuk; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2019. "What Motivates Successful Marathon Runners? The Role of Sex, Age, Education, and Training Experience in Polish Runners." Frontiers in Psychology 10, no. : 1671.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2019 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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The aim of this study was to evaluate selected parameters of strain and rotation of the left ventricle (the basal rotation (BR) index, the basal circumferential strain (BCS) index, and the global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the left ventricle) in male athletes with physiological cardiac hypertrophy (LVH group), and athletes (non-LVH group) and non-athletes without hypertrophy (control group, CG). They were evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography and speckle tracking echocardiography before and after an incremental exercise test. The LVH group demonstrated lower BR at rest than the non-LVH group (p < 0.05) and the CG (p < 0.05). Physical effort had no effect on BR, nor was this effect different between groups (p > 0.05). There was a combined influence of LVH and physical effort on BR (F = 5.70; p < 0.05) and BCS (F = 4.97; p < 0.05), but no significant differences in BCS and GLS at rest between the groups. A higher BCS and lower GLS after exercise in the LVH group were demonstrated in comparison with the CG (p < 0.05). Left ventricular basal rotation as well as longitudinal and circumferential strains showed less of a difference between rest and after physical effort in subjects with significant myocardial hypertrophy. In conclusion, the obtained results may suggest that echocardiographic assessment of basal rotation and circumferential strain of the left ventricular can be important in predicting cardiac disorders caused by physical effort in individuals with physiological and pathological heart hypertrophy.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska; Rafał Mikołajczyk; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Zbigniew Gąsior; Katarzyna Mizia-Stec; Damian Kawecki; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle. Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessed by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Athletes with and without Left Ventricle Hypertrophy. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019, 8, 687 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska, Rafał Mikołajczyk, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Zbigniew Gąsior, Katarzyna Mizia-Stec, Damian Kawecki, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Beat Knechtle. Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessed by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Athletes with and without Left Ventricle Hypertrophy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8 (5):687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska; Rafał Mikołajczyk; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Zbigniew Gąsior; Katarzyna Mizia-Stec; Damian Kawecki; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Beat Knechtle. 2019. "Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessed by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Athletes with and without Left Ventricle Hypertrophy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 5: 687.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2019 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effect of an ultra-endurance performance on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac specific troponin T (cTnT), creatinine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and cardiovascular function. Cardiac biomarkers were evaluated in 14 male ultra-marathoners (age 40 ± 12 years) during a 24 h ultra-marathon at five points (i.e., Pre-race; Marathon, 12-h run, 24-h run, and 48-h post-race). All subjects underwent baseline echocardiography assessment at least 10 days prior to the ultra-marathon and 48 h post-race. The average distance covered during the race was 149.4 ± 33.0 km. Running the ultra-marathon led to a progressive increase in hsCRP and H-FABP concentrations (p < 0.001). CK-MB and cTnT levels were higher after a 24-h run compared to pre-race (p < 0.05). Diastolic function was altered post-race characterized by a reduction in peak early to late diastolic filling (p < 0.01). Running an ultra-marathon significantly stimulates specific cardiac biomarkers; however, the dynamic of secretion of biomarkers linked to myocardium ischemia were differentially regulated during the ultra-marathon race. It is suggested that both exercise duration and intensity play a crucial role in cardiovascular adaptive mechanisms and cause risk of cardiac stress in ultra-marathoners.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Rafał Mikołajczyk; Damian Kawecki; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. Acute Responses of Novel Cardiac Biomarkers to a 24-h Ultra-Marathon. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019, 8, 57 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Rafał Mikołajczyk, Damian Kawecki, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. Acute Responses of Novel Cardiac Biomarkers to a 24-h Ultra-Marathon. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8 (1):57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Żebrowska; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Rafał Mikołajczyk; Damian Kawecki; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2019. "Acute Responses of Novel Cardiac Biomarkers to a 24-h Ultra-Marathon." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 1: 57.

Original research
Published: 01 December 2018 in Psychology Research and Behavior Management
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Motivation in ultra-marathon runners Zbigniew Waśkiewicz,1,2 Pantelis T Nikolaidis,3,4 Aïna Chalabaev,5 Thomas Rosemann,6 Beat Knechtle6,7 1Department of Team Sports, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; 2Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; 3Exercise Testing Laboratory, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Acharnes, Greece; 4Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece; 5UFR APS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; 6Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland; 7Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Background: In ultra-marathon running the proper motivation of the athlete is one of the milestones, not only during the races, but also during the practice sessions, which are long and very exhausting. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of sport experience (expressed as number of finishes in ultra-marathons) with motivation characteristics of ultra-marathon runners. Subjects and methods: The Motivation of Marathoners Scale examined the motivation of ultra-marathon runners compared to endurance runners of shorter distances (control group). Participants were 1,539 Polish runners, 382 women (24.7%) and 1,157 men (75.3%). Ultra-marathoners (N=425; 26.7%) finished at least one ultra-marathon, whereas the control group consisted of runners of shorter distances (N=1,114, 72.3%). Results: Ultra-marathoners had higher scores in affiliation (3.55±1.60 vs 3.34±1.62, P<0.05), life meaning (4.20±1.40 vs 4.03±1.44, P<0.05) and lower in the areas of weight concern (4.33±1.68 vs 4.64±1.65, P<0.01), personal goal achievement (5.09±1.25 vs 4.64±1.65, P<0.001) and self-esteem (4.44±1.36 vs 4.68±1.38, P<0.01), than runners in the control group. The number of completed ultra-marathons was negatively related to the personal goal achievement, competition and recognition scale. The level of training experience was negatively correlated with the personal goal achievement scale in all participants, and with the self-esteem scale in the control group. In summary, ultra-marathoners had different motivations compared to runners of shorter race distance. Conclusions: These findings should be considered by sport psychologists and other professionals to develop performance-tailored interventions for ultra-marathoners. Keywords: psychological profile, questionnaire, survey, ultra-endurance

ACS Style

Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Pantelis T Nikolaidis; Aïna Chalabaev; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. Motivation in ultra-marathon runners. Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2018, ume 12, 31 -37.

AMA Style

Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Pantelis T Nikolaidis, Aïna Chalabaev, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. Motivation in ultra-marathon runners. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2018; ume 12 ():31-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Pantelis T Nikolaidis; Aïna Chalabaev; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2018. "Motivation in ultra-marathon runners." Psychology Research and Behavior Management ume 12, no. : 31-37.

Original research article
Published: 17 August 2018 in Frontiers in Physiology
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The aim of the present study was to examine differences in the movement structure and the coordination aspects expressed by bioelectrical tension indicators between a group of experts/sprinters and a group of novices/students. A group consisted of 20 sprinters and a control group consisted of 35 master’s physical education students. A 16-channel surface electromyography (14 muscles) and two cameras with recording speed of 250 frames/per second were used. Significant differences were found between reaction time (p < 0.005) and time at 30 m of the covered sprinting distance (p < 0.001) between the students and advance athletes. Furthermore, the sprinters activated the back foot (taking off the starting blocks) and the front foot (first ground contact) earlier, which correlated with the attained times at 5 (r = 0.66) and 10 m (r = 0.62) of the covered sprinting distance. The most important component of the sprint start, apart from the muscle strength of the legs, is the appropriate motor coordination, which greatly affects the generation of power in the legs at the right time and optimal duration.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Borysiuk; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Katarzyna Piechota; Paweł Pakosz; Mariusz Konieczny; Monika Błaszczyszyn; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. Coordination Aspects of an Effective Sprint Start. Frontiers in Physiology 2018, 9, 1138 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Borysiuk, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Katarzyna Piechota, Paweł Pakosz, Mariusz Konieczny, Monika Błaszczyszyn, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. Coordination Aspects of an Effective Sprint Start. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018; 9 ():1138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Borysiuk; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Katarzyna Piechota; Paweł Pakosz; Mariusz Konieczny; Monika Błaszczyszyn; Pantelis T. Nikolaidis; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2018. "Coordination Aspects of an Effective Sprint Start." Frontiers in Physiology 9, no. : 1138.

Original research
Published: 01 July 2018 in Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine
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The age of peak performance in women and men duathletes - The paradigm of short and long versions in "Powerman Zofingen" Pantelis T Nikolaidis,1,2 Elias Villiger,3 Luca P Ardigò,4 Zbigniew Waśkiewicz,5 Thomas Rosemann,3 Beat Knechtle3,6 1Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece; 2Exercise Testing Laboratory, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Acharnes, Greece; 3Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; 4Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; 5Department of Team Sports, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; 6Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland Purpose: The age of peak performance (APP) has been studied extensively in various endurance and ultra-endurance sports; however, less information exists in regard to duathlon (ie, Run1, Bike, and Run2). The aim of the present study was to assess the APP of duathletes competing either in a short (ie, 10 km Run1, 50 km Bike, and 5 km Run2) or a long distance (ie, 10 km Run1, 150 km Bike, and 30 km Run2) race. Participants and methods: We analyzed 6,671 participants (women, n=1,037, age 36.6±9.1 years; men, n=5,634, 40.0±10.0 years) in “Powerman Zofingen” from 2003 to 2017. Results: Considering the finishers in 5-year age groups, in the short distance, a small main effect of sex on race time was observed (p

ACS Style

Pantelis T Nikolaidis; Elias Villiger; Luca P Ardigò; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. The age of peak performance in women and men duathletes – The paradigm of short and long versions in “Powerman Zofingen”. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 2018, ume 9, 125 -130.

AMA Style

Pantelis T Nikolaidis, Elias Villiger, Luca P Ardigò, Zbigniew Waśkiewicz, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle. The age of peak performance in women and men duathletes – The paradigm of short and long versions in “Powerman Zofingen”. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018; ume 9 ():125-130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pantelis T Nikolaidis; Elias Villiger; Luca P Ardigò; Zbigniew Waśkiewicz; Thomas Rosemann; Beat Knechtle. 2018. "The age of peak performance in women and men duathletes – The paradigm of short and long versions in “Powerman Zofingen”." Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine ume 9, no. : 125-130.