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Many attempts have been made worldwide to implement community-based conservation to gain a more inclusive protection of biological diversity and ecosystem services. In a recent national reform, the management of protected areas was devolved from the Norwegian government to local conservation boards. The main goals were to reduce local resistance toward conservation and ameliorate threats to biodiversity. We assessed the attainment of these goals a decade after implementation. We synthesized literature published since the onset of the reform and results from a survey (N = 936). Despite the limited inclusion of stakeholders and experience-based knowledge by local conservation boards, survey data show that community-based conservation arrangements are supported by residents. Conservation has been tailored to the local context by balancing sustainable use and protection, but there are some discontent with the opportunities for rural development. Managers report that biological diversity is threatened in 27% of the protected areas. Climate change and increased visitation are major conservation challenges that need to be addressed by the boards, but their mandate and capacity appear inadequate to cope with these challenges. Few studies have evaluated the conservation impact of the reform and we therefore suggest this as a priority for future research.
Vera Helene Hausner; Sigrid Engen; Lorena Muñoz; Per Fauchald. Assessing a nationwide policy reform toward community-based conservation of biological diversity and ecosystem services in the Alpine North. Ecosystem Services 2021, 49, 101289 .
AMA StyleVera Helene Hausner, Sigrid Engen, Lorena Muñoz, Per Fauchald. Assessing a nationwide policy reform toward community-based conservation of biological diversity and ecosystem services in the Alpine North. Ecosystem Services. 2021; 49 ():101289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVera Helene Hausner; Sigrid Engen; Lorena Muñoz; Per Fauchald. 2021. "Assessing a nationwide policy reform toward community-based conservation of biological diversity and ecosystem services in the Alpine North." Ecosystem Services 49, no. : 101289.
Disturbance to ecosystems in parks and protected areas from nature-based tourism and recreation is increasing in scale and severity, as are the impacts of climate change—but there is limited research examining the degree to which these anthropogenic disturbances interact. In this perspective paper, we draw on the available literature to expose complex recreation and climate interactions that may alter ecosystems of high conservation value such that important species and processes no longer persist. Our emphasis is on ecosystems in high demand for tourism and recreation that also are increasingly experiencing stress from climate change. We discuss the importance of developing predictive models of direct and indirect effects, including threshold and legacy effects at different levels of biological organization. We present a conceptual model of these interactions to initiate a dialog among researchers and managers so that new research approaches and managerial frameworks are advanced to address this emerging issue.
Christopher A. Monz; Kevin J. Gutzwiller; Vera Helene Hausner; Mark W. Brunson; Ralf Buckley; Catherine M. Pickering. Understanding and managing the interactions of impacts from nature-based recreation and climate change. Ambio 2020, 50, 631 -643.
AMA StyleChristopher A. Monz, Kevin J. Gutzwiller, Vera Helene Hausner, Mark W. Brunson, Ralf Buckley, Catherine M. Pickering. Understanding and managing the interactions of impacts from nature-based recreation and climate change. Ambio. 2020; 50 (3):631-643.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher A. Monz; Kevin J. Gutzwiller; Vera Helene Hausner; Mark W. Brunson; Ralf Buckley; Catherine M. Pickering. 2020. "Understanding and managing the interactions of impacts from nature-based recreation and climate change." Ambio 50, no. 3: 631-643.
Recent attention to the role of Indigenous knowledge (IK) in environmental monitoring, research and decision‐making is likely to attract new people to this field of work. Advancing the bringing together of IK and science in a way that is desirable to IK holders can lead to successful and inclusive research and decision‐making. We used the Delphi technique with 18 expert participants who were IK holders or working closely with IK from across the Arctic to examine the drivers of progress and limitations to the use of IK along with science to inform decision‐making related to wildlife, reindeer herding and the environment. We also used this technique to identify participants' experiences of scientists' misconceptions concerning IK. Participants had a strong focus on transformative change relating to the structure of institutions, politics, rights, involvement, power and agency over technical issues advancing or limiting progress (e.g. new technologies and language barriers). Participants identified two modes of desirable research: coproducing knowledge with scientists and autonomous Indigenous‐led research. They highlighted the need for more collaborative and coproduction projects to allow further refinement of approaches and more funding to support autonomous, Indigenous‐led research. Most misconceptions held by scientists concerning IK that were identified by participants related to the spatial, temporal and conceptual scope of IK, and the perceived need to validate IK using Western science. Our research highlights some of the issues that need to be addressed by all participants in research and decision‐making involving IK and science. While exact approaches will need to be tailored to specific social‐ecological contexts, consideration of these broader concerns revealed by our analysis are likely to be central to effective partnerships. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Helen C. Wheeler; Finn Danielsen; Maryann Fidel; Vera Hausner; Tim Horstkotte; Noor Johnson; Olivia Lee; Nibedita Mukherjee; Amy Amos; Heather Ashthorn; Øystein Ballari; Carolina Behe; Kaitlin Breton‐Honeyman; Gunn‐Britt Retter; Victoria Buschman; Pâviârak Jakobsen; Frank Johnson; Bjarne Lyberth; Jennifer A. Parrott; Mikhail Pogodaev; Rodion Sulyandziga; Nikita Vronski. The need for transformative changes in the use of Indigenous knowledge along with science for environmental decision‐making in the Arctic. People and Nature 2020, 2, 544 -556.
AMA StyleHelen C. Wheeler, Finn Danielsen, Maryann Fidel, Vera Hausner, Tim Horstkotte, Noor Johnson, Olivia Lee, Nibedita Mukherjee, Amy Amos, Heather Ashthorn, Øystein Ballari, Carolina Behe, Kaitlin Breton‐Honeyman, Gunn‐Britt Retter, Victoria Buschman, Pâviârak Jakobsen, Frank Johnson, Bjarne Lyberth, Jennifer A. Parrott, Mikhail Pogodaev, Rodion Sulyandziga, Nikita Vronski. The need for transformative changes in the use of Indigenous knowledge along with science for environmental decision‐making in the Arctic. People and Nature. 2020; 2 (3):544-556.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelen C. Wheeler; Finn Danielsen; Maryann Fidel; Vera Hausner; Tim Horstkotte; Noor Johnson; Olivia Lee; Nibedita Mukherjee; Amy Amos; Heather Ashthorn; Øystein Ballari; Carolina Behe; Kaitlin Breton‐Honeyman; Gunn‐Britt Retter; Victoria Buschman; Pâviârak Jakobsen; Frank Johnson; Bjarne Lyberth; Jennifer A. Parrott; Mikhail Pogodaev; Rodion Sulyandziga; Nikita Vronski. 2020. "The need for transformative changes in the use of Indigenous knowledge along with science for environmental decision‐making in the Arctic." People and Nature 2, no. 3: 544-556.
Crowdsourced data can provide spatially explicit data on the contribution of nature to people. Spatial information is essential for effectively managing the diverse relationships that people have with nature, but the potential and limits of using crowdsourcing data to generate maps for conservation purposes need further research. Passive crowdsourcing tools include social media platforms where photos and user‐generated tags are shared among users, whereas active crowdsourcing, such as public participatory geographic information system (PPGIS), provides an online platform for mapping place attributes such as values, experiences and preferences. In this study, we assess the spatial information gained through using Flickr (a photo sharing platform) and PPGIS (an online mapping platform) platforms for conservation planning to understand differences and similarities on the spatial distribution of values captured by the two platforms, and to identify what environmental and infrastructure variables correlate best with the distribution of values. We test these tools in Southern Norway including protected areas and the surrounding zones. We analysed non‐spatial (using chi‐square and Spearman rank correlation) and spatial (using clustering, Maxent and distribution overlap) data to identify differences between the two datasets and the values represented therein. We found large differences in spatial distribution using these two datasets, with Flickr data concentrated outside the protected areas and near roads, whereas PPGIS provided more fine‐scale data on diverse values in locations inaccessible by roads within the protected areas. Flickr can be used for generating regional scale data of scenic landscapes or routes, but PPGIS performs better for management of nature qualities appreciated by different user groups within protected areas. We discuss the pros and cons of using each data source and when each dataset is more suitable to be used in protected area management. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Lorena Muñoz; Vera Helene Hausner; Claire Runge; Greg Brown; Remi Daigle. Using crowdsourced spatial data from Flickr vs. PPGIS for understanding nature's contribution to people in Southern Norway. People and Nature 2020, 2, 437 -449.
AMA StyleLorena Muñoz, Vera Helene Hausner, Claire Runge, Greg Brown, Remi Daigle. Using crowdsourced spatial data from Flickr vs. PPGIS for understanding nature's contribution to people in Southern Norway. People and Nature. 2020; 2 (2):437-449.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorena Muñoz; Vera Helene Hausner; Claire Runge; Greg Brown; Remi Daigle. 2020. "Using crowdsourced spatial data from Flickr vs. PPGIS for understanding nature's contribution to people in Southern Norway." People and Nature 2, no. 2: 437-449.
Ecosystem‐based adaptation (EbA) relies upon the capacity of ecosystems to buffer communities against the adverse impacts of climate change. Maintaining ecosystems that deliver critical services to communities can also provide co‐benefits beyond adaptation, such as climate mitigation and protection of biological diversity and livelihoods. EbA has to a limited extent drawn upon indigenous‐and local knowledge (ILK) for defining critical services and for implementing EbA in decision‐making. This is a paradox given that the primary focus of EbA is to enable communities to adapt to climate change. The purpose of this study was to elucidate EbA strategies that take into account the knowledge of Sámi reindeer herders about pastures in tundra regions. We first examined what constitutes critical services through a synthesis of data and literature. We thereafter used content analysis of 91 land use cases from 2010–2018 to investigate to what extent the herders’ knowledge and maps over seasonal pastures and migratory routes are used in local decision‐making. Finally, we propose EbA strategies of relevance to Sámi communities and pastoral communities elsewhere. Our analysis revealed that reindeer herders and organizations representing their interests perceived threats from green energy development, tourism, recreation, public road construction and powerlines. These threats included the loss of key habitats and the loss of connectivity for migration between seasonal pastures. Pastoralists’ knowledge is incorporated through participatory tools to protect the ecosystems and services crucial for pastoralists, but multiple competing land uses result in incremental loss of pastures regardless. Synthesis and application. Protecting pasture ecosystems and the services they deliver, including the connectivity between pastures, are necessary EbA strategies to buffer the adverse effects of climate change. Drawing on pastoralists’ knowledge to elicit EbA strategies can inform decision‐making, but it is equally important to implement this knowledge for prioritizing adaptation needs in the assessment of competing land use.
Vera H. Hausner; Sigrid Engen; Camilla Brattland; Per Fauchald. Sámi knowledge and ecosystem‐based adaptation strategies for managing pastures under threat from multiple land uses. Journal of Applied Ecology 2019, 57, 1656 -1665.
AMA StyleVera H. Hausner, Sigrid Engen, Camilla Brattland, Per Fauchald. Sámi knowledge and ecosystem‐based adaptation strategies for managing pastures under threat from multiple land uses. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2019; 57 (9):1656-1665.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVera H. Hausner; Sigrid Engen; Camilla Brattland; Per Fauchald. 2019. "Sámi knowledge and ecosystem‐based adaptation strategies for managing pastures under threat from multiple land uses." Journal of Applied Ecology 57, no. 9: 1656-1665.
Increased visitation to protected areas could have adverse impacts on the conservation values in the protected areas, and therefore effective visitor monitoring methods are needed to meet the complex management challenges that arise. Collecting data on human impacts is highly time consuming, thus requiring more effective tools that allow for high‐quality and long‐term measurements. In this study, we show how unmanned aerial vehicles (i.e. UAV or drones) could be used to monitor tourism impacts in protected areas. Tourism has boomed in national parks in Norway in recent years, such as in Jotunheimen National Park for which this study applies. We test the use of drones on a site where new tourist facilities will be established to set a baseline to identify future changes. We demonstrate how drones could help protected area management by monitoring visitor use patterns and commonly associated impacts such as trail condition (width and depth), vegetation structure and disturbances, informal trail proliferation, trampling, and trash and other impacts along the trails. We assessed accuracy and reliability compared with intensive field measurements of impacts and found low‐cost drones to be effective in mapping the study area with a resolution of 0.5 cm/pixel: drone derived trail measurements were comparable to traditional measurements with a negligible divergence on trail width measurements and a consistent 1.05 cm divergence on trail depth measurements that can be corrected with a few validation points. In addition, we created a high‐resolution vegetation classification map that could be used as a baseline for monitoring impacts. We conclude that drones can effectively contribute to visitor monitoring by reducing time spent in the field and by providing high‐resolution time series that could be used as baseline to measure tourism impacts on conservation values in protected areas.
Francisco Javier Ancin‐Murguzur; Lorena Munoz; Christopher Monz; Vera H. Hausner. Drones as a tool to monitor human impacts and vegetation changes in parks and protected areas. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation 2019, 6, 105 -113.
AMA StyleFrancisco Javier Ancin‐Murguzur, Lorena Munoz, Christopher Monz, Vera H. Hausner. Drones as a tool to monitor human impacts and vegetation changes in parks and protected areas. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. 2019; 6 (1):105-113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Javier Ancin‐Murguzur; Lorena Munoz; Christopher Monz; Vera H. Hausner. 2019. "Drones as a tool to monitor human impacts and vegetation changes in parks and protected areas." Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation 6, no. 1: 105-113.
We explored Inuit attitudes towards co-managing wildlife in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut, Canada, working in partnership with the hunters and trappers’ organizations of Igluligaarjuk (Chesterfield Inlet), Tikirarjuaq (Whale Cove), and Qamani’tuaq (Baker Lake). In mixed-methods interviews, study participants in the two coastal communities described dissatisfaction with polar bear (Ursus maritimus) management outcomes, in contrast to a general satisfaction with (or indifference to) the management of other species. Interviewees expressed concern about grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and, more prominently, caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) populations in Qamani’tuaq, the inland community. Researchers have predicted that conflicts specific to polar bear management could lead to regulations being ignored or even defied and endanger the entire system of wildlife co-management. Our results indicate that dissatisfaction over decisions is specific to polar bear management outcomes and does not necessarily apply to the broader system of wildlife co-management. The results suggest that the Nunavut wildlife co-management system is quite functional: polar bear issues aside, Inuit in Qamani’tuaq, Tikirarjuaq, and Igluligaarjuk are largely content with the current functioning of the wildlife co-management regime.
Nils A.A. Lokken; Douglas A. Clark; Else G. Broderstad; Vera H. Hausner; Vera H. Hauser. Inuit Attitudes towards Co-Managing Wildlife in Three Communities in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut, Canada. ARCTIC 2019, 72, 58 -70.
AMA StyleNils A.A. Lokken, Douglas A. Clark, Else G. Broderstad, Vera H. Hausner, Vera H. Hauser. Inuit Attitudes towards Co-Managing Wildlife in Three Communities in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut, Canada. ARCTIC. 2019; 72 (1):58-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNils A.A. Lokken; Douglas A. Clark; Else G. Broderstad; Vera H. Hausner; Vera H. Hauser. 2019. "Inuit Attitudes towards Co-Managing Wildlife in Three Communities in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut, Canada." ARCTIC 72, no. 1: 58-70.
Decision makers and stakeholders need high-quality data to manage ecosystem services (ES) efficiently. Landscape-level data on ES that are of sufficient quality to identify spatial tradeoffs, co-occurrence and hotspots of ES are costly to collect, and it is therefore important to increase the efficiency of sampling of primary data. We demonstrate how ES could be assessed more efficiently through image-based point intercept method and determine the tradeoff between the number of sample points (pins) used per image and the robustness of the measurements. We performed a permutation study to assess the reliability implications of reducing the number of pins per image. We present a flexible approach to optimize landscape-level assessments of ES that maximizes the information obtained from 1 m2 digital images. Our results show that 30 pins are sufficient to measure ecosystem service indicators with a crown cover higher than 5% for landscape scale assessments. Reducing the number of pins from 100 to 30 reduces the processing time up to a 50% allowing to increase the number of sampled plots, resulting in more management-relevant ecosystem service maps. The three criteria presented here provide a flexible approach for optimal design of landscape-level assessments of ES.
Francisco Javier Ancin-Murguzur; Lorena Munoz; Christopher Monz; Per Fauchald; Vera Hausner. Efficient sampling for ecosystem service supply assessment at a landscape scale. Ecosystems and People 2018, 15, 33 -41.
AMA StyleFrancisco Javier Ancin-Murguzur, Lorena Munoz, Christopher Monz, Per Fauchald, Vera Hausner. Efficient sampling for ecosystem service supply assessment at a landscape scale. Ecosystems and People. 2018; 15 (1):33-41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Javier Ancin-Murguzur; Lorena Munoz; Christopher Monz; Per Fauchald; Vera Hausner. 2018. "Efficient sampling for ecosystem service supply assessment at a landscape scale." Ecosystems and People 15, no. 1: 33-41.
The socioeconomic causes of land use change are complex. They are highly context dependent, but most often studied through case studies. Here, we use a quasi-experimental paired block design to investigate whether better access to wage income leads to more visible land use around 28 settlements in six regions of the circumpolar Arctic. We mapped visible land use on high-resolution satellite images taken both close to the settlements, and in a more remote area of extensive land use, and payed special attention to tracks of off-road vehicles (ORV). Despite considerable differences among regions, there was an overall positive relationship between better access to wage income and land use. Reindeer herding was also associated with more visible use, in particular ORV tracks. These results suggest that access to wage income in the mixed subsistence-cash communities of the Arctic could lead to more local use related to harvesting and reindeer herding.
Dorothee Ehrich; Alma E. Thuestad; Hans Tømmervik; Per Fauchald; Vera H. Hausner. Local land use associated with socio-economic development in six arctic regions. Ambio 2018, 48, 649 -660.
AMA StyleDorothee Ehrich, Alma E. Thuestad, Hans Tømmervik, Per Fauchald, Vera H. Hausner. Local land use associated with socio-economic development in six arctic regions. Ambio. 2018; 48 (6):649-660.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorothee Ehrich; Alma E. Thuestad; Hans Tømmervik; Per Fauchald; Vera H. Hausner. 2018. "Local land use associated with socio-economic development in six arctic regions." Ambio 48, no. 6: 649-660.
Sustainable resource management depends on support from the public and local stakeholders. Fish, wildlife, and land management in remote areas face the challenge of working across vast areas, often with limited resources, to monitor land use or the status of the fish-and-wildlife populations. Resource managers depend on local residents, often Indigenous, to gain information about environmental changes and harvest trends. Developing mutual trust is thus important for the transfer of knowledge and sustainable use of land resources. We interviewed residents of eight communities in Arctic Alaska and Canada and analyzed their trust in resource governance organizations using mixed-methods. Trust was much greater among Alaska (72%) and Nunavut (62%) residents than Churchill (23%). Trust was highest for organizations that dealt with fish and wildlife issues, had no legal enforcement rights, and were associated with Indigenous peoples. Local organizations were trusted more than non-local in Alaska and Nunavut, but the opposite was true in Churchill. Association tests and modeling indicated that characteristics of organizations were significantly related to trust, whereas education was among the few individual-level characteristics that mattered for trust. Familiarity, communication, and education are crucial to improve, maintain, or foster trust for more effective management of natural resources in such remote communities.
Jennifer I. Schmidt; Douglas Clark; Nils Lokken; Jessica Lankshear; Vera Hausner. The Role of Trust in Sustainable Management of Land, Fish, and Wildlife Populations in the Arctic. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3124 .
AMA StyleJennifer I. Schmidt, Douglas Clark, Nils Lokken, Jessica Lankshear, Vera Hausner. The Role of Trust in Sustainable Management of Land, Fish, and Wildlife Populations in the Arctic. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (9):3124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJennifer I. Schmidt; Douglas Clark; Nils Lokken; Jessica Lankshear; Vera Hausner. 2018. "The Role of Trust in Sustainable Management of Land, Fish, and Wildlife Populations in the Arctic." Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3124.
Sigrid Engen; Claire Runge; Gregory Brown; Per Fauchald; Lennart Nilsen; Vera Hausner. Assessing local acceptance of protected area management using public participation GIS (PPGIS). Journal for Nature Conservation 2018, 43, 27 -34.
AMA StyleSigrid Engen, Claire Runge, Gregory Brown, Per Fauchald, Lennart Nilsen, Vera Hausner. Assessing local acceptance of protected area management using public participation GIS (PPGIS). Journal for Nature Conservation. 2018; 43 ():27-34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSigrid Engen; Claire Runge; Gregory Brown; Per Fauchald; Lennart Nilsen; Vera Hausner. 2018. "Assessing local acceptance of protected area management using public participation GIS (PPGIS)." Journal for Nature Conservation 43, no. : 27-34.
The integration of creative arts–based methods into scientific research offers a host of advantages, including the ability to capture the complex texture of lived experience, explore interconnections between nature and culture, support nonhierarchical relations, and communicate insights in engaging and empowering new ways. In this article, we describe a new method—CreativeVoice—integrating the creative arts and qualitative research, which we developed and applied in a context of pursuing community-based conservation of agricultural biodiversity. We developed CreativeVoice as an integrative method to help us understand the local contexts, cultures, and perspectives from community members of different ages and genders, in two contrasting farming communities in Oaxaca, Mexico. CreativeVoice effectively adapts and extends the Photovoice method so as to retain its benefits but address some of its limitations. This includes allowing participants to choose a genre of artistic expression connected to their own specific individual or cultural contexts and providing the capacity to move beyond capturing present-day realities to directly bring in connections to the past and visions for the future. This article describes both the CreativeVoice approach and the significant value of integrating arts-based methods into research for advancing sustainability.
Flor Rivera Lopez; Fern Wickson; Vera Helene Hausner. Finding CreativeVoice: Applying Arts-Based Research in the Context of Biodiversity Conservation. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1778 .
AMA StyleFlor Rivera Lopez, Fern Wickson, Vera Helene Hausner. Finding CreativeVoice: Applying Arts-Based Research in the Context of Biodiversity Conservation. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1778.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlor Rivera Lopez; Fern Wickson; Vera Helene Hausner. 2018. "Finding CreativeVoice: Applying Arts-Based Research in the Context of Biodiversity Conservation." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1778.
Greg Brown; Vera Helene Hausner. An empirical analysis of cultural ecosystem values in coastal landscapes. Ocean & Coastal Management 2017, 142, 49 -60.
AMA StyleGreg Brown, Vera Helene Hausner. An empirical analysis of cultural ecosystem values in coastal landscapes. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2017; 142 ():49-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreg Brown; Vera Helene Hausner. 2017. "An empirical analysis of cultural ecosystem values in coastal landscapes." Ocean & Coastal Management 142, no. : 49-60.
Per Fauchald; Vera Helene Hausner; Jennifer Irene Schmidt; Douglas A. Clark. Transitions of social-ecological subsistence systems in the Arctic. International Journal of the Commons 2017, 11, 275 .
AMA StylePer Fauchald, Vera Helene Hausner, Jennifer Irene Schmidt, Douglas A. Clark. Transitions of social-ecological subsistence systems in the Arctic. International Journal of the Commons. 2017; 11 (1):275.
Chicago/Turabian StylePer Fauchald; Vera Helene Hausner; Jennifer Irene Schmidt; Douglas A. Clark. 2017. "Transitions of social-ecological subsistence systems in the Arctic." International Journal of the Commons 11, no. 1: 275.
Accepted manuscript version. Published version available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.08.018Prior research has examined the relationship between physical landscapes and ecosystem services, but the distribution of ecosystem services by land tenure and protected areas is less developed. We analyze the spatial distribution of participatory mapped ecosystem values, as indicators of ecosystem services, to determine their relationship with land tenure in southern Norway, a region characterized by private, village, and state commons lands overlaid with designated protected areas managed by local governments. We found land tenure to be a significantly stronger predictor of the distribution of ecosystem values and land use preferences than protected area status. Protected area designations layered on older land tenures exert relatively little influence on how Norwegians perceive ecosystem values and land use preferences. The exception is a few iconic parks located on state commons where participants mapped a higher proportion of biological diversity and undisturbed, natural qualities. Hunting and fishing opportunities were especially important in village commons, whereas social interactions, gathering, and cultural identity clustered near settlements on private lands. The cultural ecosystem values of recreation and scenery were most frequently identified, but were unrelated to both land tenure and protected areas. Cabins, tourism development, and snowmobile use were important land uses to regional residents and most controversial in the commons and protected areas, but the overall potential for land use conflict appears highest on private land. Participants mapped preferences to increase predator control across all tenures reflecting the strong interest in large game hunting and livestock grazing in the region. Overlapping tenures that were in place before the designation of protected areas are important for understanding conservation effectiveness and the potential for land use conflict
Vera Helene Hausner; Greg Brown; Eiliv Lægreid. Effects of land tenure and protected areas on ecosystem services and land use preferences in Norway. Land Use Policy 2015, 49, 446 -461.
AMA StyleVera Helene Hausner, Greg Brown, Eiliv Lægreid. Effects of land tenure and protected areas on ecosystem services and land use preferences in Norway. Land Use Policy. 2015; 49 ():446-461.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVera Helene Hausner; Greg Brown; Eiliv Lægreid. 2015. "Effects of land tenure and protected areas on ecosystem services and land use preferences in Norway." Land Use Policy 49, no. : 446-461.
Protected areas provide important ecosystem services globally but few studies have examined how cultural differences influence the distribution of cultural ecosystem values and management preferences. We used internet-based public participation GIS (PPGIS) in the countries of Norway and Poland to identify ecosystem values and management preferences in protected areas held by regional residents and site users. We found significant differences in the type and quantity of ecosystem values with Norwegians mapping more values relating to use of resources (e.g., hunting/fishing, gathering) and Polish respondents mapping more environmental values such as scenery, biological diversity, and water quality. With respect to management preferences, Norwegians identified more preferences for resource utilization while Polish respondents identified more preferences for conservation. Norwegian respondents were more satisfied with protected area management and local participation which can be explained by historical, legal, and cultural differences between the two countries. For Norway, biodiversity conservation in protected areas will continue to be guided by sustainable use of protected areas, rather than strict nature protection, with management favoring local board control and active public participation. For Poland, change in protected area management to enhance biodiversity conservation is less certain, driven by national environmental values that conflict with local values and preferences, continuing distrust in government, and low levels of civic participation. Differential efficacy in PPGIS methods – Norway with greater participation from household sampling and Poland with greater response using social media – suggest different strategies will be required for effective public engagement in protected area planning and management.
Greg Brown; Vera Helene Hausner; Małgorzata Grodzińska-Jurczak; Agata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska; Agnieszka Olszańska; Barbara Peek; Marcin Rechciński; Eiliv Lægreid. Cross-cultural values and management preferences in protected areas of Norway and Poland. Journal for Nature Conservation 2015, 28, 89 -104.
AMA StyleGreg Brown, Vera Helene Hausner, Małgorzata Grodzińska-Jurczak, Agata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska, Agnieszka Olszańska, Barbara Peek, Marcin Rechciński, Eiliv Lægreid. Cross-cultural values and management preferences in protected areas of Norway and Poland. Journal for Nature Conservation. 2015; 28 ():89-104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreg Brown; Vera Helene Hausner; Małgorzata Grodzińska-Jurczak; Agata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska; Agnieszka Olszańska; Barbara Peek; Marcin Rechciński; Eiliv Lægreid. 2015. "Cross-cultural values and management preferences in protected areas of Norway and Poland." Journal for Nature Conservation 28, no. : 89-104.
Accepted manuscript version. Published version available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.07.005The identification of spatial associations between perceived ecosystem values and physical landscapes is confronted by a diversity of mapping methods, heterogeneous human populations, and variability in physical landscape classification systems. This study reviews previous research on spatial associations and reports new empirical findings from Norway to describe the potential for spatial “value transfer” methods that extrapolate ecosystem values to other locations. Public participation GIS (PPGIS) survey methods were implemented in two separate study areas in Norway to identify ecosystem values and to analyze their spatial association with land cover data. The ecosystem value associations with land cover were generally consistent with global findings reported elsewhere, with forested areas providing multiple ecosystem “bundles” supporting both recreation-related and provisioning values. Alternative value transfer methods were demonstrated using recreation value to compare actual with predicted distributions using land cover indices derived from value proportions, deviations from expected distribution, and correlation coefficients with ecosystem value bundles. The use of simple ecosystem value percentages located within land cover classes provided the best predictive results for value transfer in this study. The limitations and potential for value transfer methods based on spatial associations between mapped ecosystem values and physical landscape characteristics are discussed
Greg Brown; Vera Helene Hausner; Eiliv Lægreid. Physical landscape associations with mapped ecosystem values with implications for spatial value transfer: An empirical study from Norway. Ecosystem Services 2015, 15, 19 -34.
AMA StyleGreg Brown, Vera Helene Hausner, Eiliv Lægreid. Physical landscape associations with mapped ecosystem values with implications for spatial value transfer: An empirical study from Norway. Ecosystem Services. 2015; 15 ():19-34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreg Brown; Vera Helene Hausner; Eiliv Lægreid. 2015. "Physical landscape associations with mapped ecosystem values with implications for spatial value transfer: An empirical study from Norway." Ecosystem Services 15, no. : 19-34.
We use demographic and economic indicators to analyze spatial differences and temporal trends across 18 regions surrounding the Arctic Ocean. Multifactor and cluster analysis were used on 10 indicators reflecting income, employment and demography from 1995 to 2008. The main difference is between regions with high population densities, low natural growth rate, and low unemployment (Russia, Norway and Iceland) and regions with high unemployment rate and high natural growth rate (mainly North American regions). However, once those parameters were accounted for sub-regional differences start to emerge. Variation among the regions was a result of national policies and regional differences such as access and presence of natural resources (i.e. oil, gas, mining, etc.). We found only weak temporal trends, but regions with resource extraction show some signs of higher volatility. Overall, the Arctic has experienced out-migration with only Iceland and two regions in Canada experiencing in-migration.
Jennifer I. Schmidt; Margrethe Aanesen; Konstantin Klokov; Sergei Khrutschev; Vera H. Hausner. Demographic and economic disparities among Arctic regions. Polar Geography 2015, 38, 251 -270.
AMA StyleJennifer I. Schmidt, Margrethe Aanesen, Konstantin Klokov, Sergei Khrutschev, Vera H. Hausner. Demographic and economic disparities among Arctic regions. Polar Geography. 2015; 38 (4):251-270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJennifer I. Schmidt; Margrethe Aanesen; Konstantin Klokov; Sergei Khrutschev; Vera H. Hausner. 2015. "Demographic and economic disparities among Arctic regions." Polar Geography 38, no. 4: 251-270.
Protected area (PA) coverage is used as an indicator of biodiversity protection worldwide. The effectiveness of using PAs as indicators has been questioned due to the diversity of categories encompassed by such designations, especially in PAs established for purposes other than biodiversity protection. Although international standards have been developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the policies on the ground have been developed independently of the IUCN categories, thus making the IUCN categories dubious measures of biodiversity conservation. Management plans are crucial for the effective management of parks and for guidance on how biodiversity maintenance should be prioritized relative to other goals. We therefore analyzed the aims and regulations of the management plans of alpine PAs in Spain as a first step in evaluating conservation performance. We used content analysis and correspondence analysis of instrumental variables (CAiv) to assess how aims and regulations vary in relation to three explanatory factors: IUCN categories, vegetation zones and autonomous communities. We found that the aims of many parks were vague, without clear indications of how to prioritize biodiversity goals. Furthermore, only 50% of the parks studied had any management plan, which strengthens our argument concerning the lack of clear guidance in PA management. Although certain aims were correlated with the IUCN categories, the regulations showed no clear relationship to international policies, which indicates that these aims do not necessarily influence management practices. Devolution to autonomous communities could be one explanation for the large variation in management practices among parks. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of such management policies on biodiversity.
Lorena Muñoz; Vera Helene Hausner. What Do the IUCN Categories Really Protect? A Case Study of the Alpine Regions in Spain. Sustainability 2013, 5, 2367 -2388.
AMA StyleLorena Muñoz, Vera Helene Hausner. What Do the IUCN Categories Really Protect? A Case Study of the Alpine Regions in Spain. Sustainability. 2013; 5 (6):2367-2388.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorena Muñoz; Vera Helene Hausner. 2013. "What Do the IUCN Categories Really Protect? A Case Study of the Alpine Regions in Spain." Sustainability 5, no. 6: 2367-2388.
Community-based management (CBM) has been implemented in socio-ecological systems (SES) worldwide. CBM has also been the prevailing policy in Sámi pastoral SES in Norway, but the outcomes tend to vary extensively among resource groups (“siidas”). We asked why do some siidas self-organize to manage common pool resources sustainably and others do not? To answer this question we used a mixed methods approach. First, in the statistical analyses we analyzed the relationship between sustainability indicators and structural variables. We found that small winter pastures that are shared by few siidas were managed more sustainably than larger pastures. Seasonal siida stability, i.e., a low turnover of pastoralists working together throughout the year, and equality among herders, also contributed to more sustainable outcomes. Second, interviews were conducted in the five largest pastures to explain the relationships between the structural variables and sustainability. The pastoralists expressed a high level of agreement with respect to sustainable policies, but reported a low level of trust and cooperation among the siidas. The pastoralists requested siida tenures or clear rules and sanctioning mechanisms by an impartial authority rather than flexible organization or more autonomy for the siidas. The lack of nestedness in self-organization for managing pastures on larger scales, combined with the past economic policies, could explain why CBM is less sustainable on the largest winter pastures. We conclude that the scale mis-match between self-organization and the formal governance is a key condition for sustainability.
Vera H. Hausner; Per Fauchald; Johnny-Leo Jernsletten. Community-Based Management: Under What Conditions Do Sámi Pastoralists Manage Pastures Sustainably? PLOS ONE 2012, 7, e51187 .
AMA StyleVera H. Hausner, Per Fauchald, Johnny-Leo Jernsletten. Community-Based Management: Under What Conditions Do Sámi Pastoralists Manage Pastures Sustainably? PLOS ONE. 2012; 7 (12):e51187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVera H. Hausner; Per Fauchald; Johnny-Leo Jernsletten. 2012. "Community-Based Management: Under What Conditions Do Sámi Pastoralists Manage Pastures Sustainably?" PLOS ONE 7, no. 12: e51187.