Blood cell ratios are a standard clinical index for the assessment of inflammation. Although a large number of epidemiological investigations have shown that inflammation is a potential risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD), there is not sufficient and direct evidence to confirm the relationship between blood cell ratios and CHD. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of blood cell ratios on the incidence of coronary heart disease. This 10-year national study included data from 24,924 participants. The independent variable was blood cell ratios, and the dependent variable was coronary heart diseases (yes or no). The relationship between blood cell ratios and coronary heart disease was verified using baseline characteristic analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis, smoothed fitted curves, and subgroup analysis. This study found that in multiple logistic regression analysis showed significant positive correlation between monocyte counts × meutrophil counts/lymphocyte counts (SIRI) (OR = 1.495; 95% CI = 1.154–1.938), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) (OR = 3.081; 95% CI = 1.476–6.433) and the incidence of CHD; lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) (OR = 0.928;95% CI = 0.873–0.987), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (OR = 0.997;95% CI = 0.994–1.000) showed negative correlation with CHD. The smoothed curve fitting shows a nonlinear relationship between SIRI, LMR, PLR, and CHD, with an inverted U-shaped curve between SIRI and CHD, an L-shaped angle between LMR and CHD, and a U-shaped curve between PLR and CHD, respectively. Their inflection points are 1.462, 3.75, and 185.714, respectively. SIRI has an inverted U-shaped curve with coronary heart disease, suggesting that low levels of SIRI increase the risk of CHD; LMR with an L-shaped curve with CHD, and PLR with a U-shaped curve with CHD, suggesting that the risk of CHD can be prevented when LMR and PLR are reduced to a certain level. This has positive implications for the prevention and treatment of CHD.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the main factors impacting negatively human health on a global scale. Every year, there is an increase in the prevalence of CVDs despite advancements in therapy for managing traditional risk factors. Research on exosomes is has garnered great interest due to their role in regulating intercellular communication. Exosome‑mediated epigenetic regulation is involved in the interaction between circulating cells and blood arteries, as well as in intercellular communication processes, and exosomes serve as biomarkers of cell activation. The present study aimed to summarize the recent research on exosome‑mediated epigenetic regulation mechanisms, as well as the roles of exosomes in the pathology and diagnosis of CVDs, which may increase the current understanding of the precise functions that exosomes play in the development of CVDs.

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a clinically important syndrome with limited mechanism‑based therapies. Notably, mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a central driver of hepatocellular damage and repair failure. The present narrative review aims to summarize the current evidence on mitochondrial quality control (MQC) in ALI, with an emphasis on mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, etiology‑specific regulation and therapeutic implications. For the present review, relevant experimental and translational studies addressing MQC‑related mechanisms and interventions in major forms of ALI, including drug‑induced liver injury, ischemia‑reperfusion injury and viral ALI, were reviewed and integrated. The findings indicated that MQC operates as an interconnected network rather than as isolated pathways. Mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial biogenesis are temporally coordinated to remove damaged mitochondria, remodel mitochondrial networks and restore bioenergetic capacity. However, MQC responses differ across ALI etiologies, and inappropriate or excessive activation may become maladaptive. In conclusion, understanding MQC as a dynamic and context‑dependent repair system may provide a conceptual basis for precision interventions in ALI. Future studies should clarify spatiotemporal MQC regulation, establish reliable biomarkers and validate MQC‑targeted therapies in clinically relevant settings.