Keywords: Mothers; Mother-child Relations; Family Relations; Marriage

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non-nutritive sucking for analgesia in term infants undergoing heel-stick procedures. Methods: Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies based on the PICO framework were included in the study. Review articles, commentary, pilot, and non-English articles were excluded. Databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane, were searched until January 31st, 2021, using the keywords “Pain management”, ‘Non-nutritive sucking”, and “Heel stick”. All studies were reviewed and retrieved by two authors independently using a standardized form according to the inclusion criteria, and any disagreements were examined by a third scholar. Quality assessment was evaluated by using the ROB-2 tool. Data were analyzed using Stata version 12.0 software, and a random-effects model was used for analysis. Results: A total of 5,629 articles were retrieved from all databases, and after the screening, finally, 6 relevant articles were included in the analysis. The tools used to control pain in infants in the articles included PIPP, NFCS, NIPS, and NPASS. The results showed that the pain scores were significantly lower in the NNS group compared to the control group (MD, -1.05; 95% CI, -1.53 to -0.57) and NNS had a significant effect on oxygen saturation (O2 Sat) increasing in newborns compared to the control group, but no significant reduction in the heart rate (HR) between two groups was observed. Conclusion: NNS effectively provides analgesia in full-term neonates undergoing heel-stick procedures; however, its effects on the long-term outcomes of infants are unclear. The results showed that NNS was effective in improving heel-stick pain in infants.

Amaç: Gürültü özellikle preterm yenidoğanların ve sağlık çalışanlarının sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilediği için azaltılması ve kontrol altına alınması gereken bir durumdur. Amerikan Pediatri Akademisi gürültü seviyesinin saatlik 45 dB’nin altında olması gerektiğini bildirmiştir. Ancak yapılan birçok çalışmalarda, istenilen düzeye ulaşılamadığı görülmektedir. Araştırma, yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesindeki gürültü düzeyini ve gürültü kontrolü için verilen eğitimin etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma, bir hastanenin yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesi 3. düzeyinde çalışan doktor, hemşire ve personel üzerinde yapıldı. Tek grupta ön test-son test yarı-deneysel bir tasarım olarak yapıldı. Hastaneden etik kurul ve kurum izni alındı. Çalışmada araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan gürültü bilgi formu, gürültü kontrolü eğitim programı, gürültü gözlem formu ve ses ölçüm cihazı kullanıldı. Ünitede eğitim öncesi, eğitim sonrası ve eğitimden altı hafta sonra yapılan tekrarlayan ölçümde 7 gün ve 24 saat boyunca gürültü ölçümleri yapıldı. Bulgular: Gürültü seviyesinin, eğitim öncesine kıyasla eğitimden altı hafta sonrasında anlamlı derecede düşük olduğu bulundu (p

Background: Endotracheal suctioning (ES) is a painful procedure frequently performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. This procedure negatively affects the comfort level of premature neonates. Purpose: To determine the effect of 2 nonpharmacologic methods, swaddling and the administration of oropharyngeal colostrum, on the pain and comfort levels of preterm neonates during ES. Methods: This randomized controlled experimental study comprised 48 intubated premature neonates (swaddling group n = 16; oropharyngeal colostrum group n = 16; and control group n = 16) at 26 to 37 weeks of gestation. The neonates were swaddled with a white soft cotton cloth or administered 0.4 mL of oropharyngeal colostrum 2 minutes before ES, according to the group in which they were included. Two observers evaluated the pain levels (Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revize [PIPP-R]) and comfort (Newborn Comfort Behavior Scale [COMFORTneo]) of the infants by observing video recordings of before, during, and after the procedure. Findings/Results: A significantly lower mean PIPP-R score was found in the swaddling group during ES compared with the control group (P = .002). The mean COMFORTneo scores of the swaddling and oropharyngeal colostrum groups during ES (P < .01, P = .002) and the mean PIPP-R and COMFORTneo scores immediately after ES and 5, 10, and 15 minutes later were significantly lower than the control group (P < .005). Implications for Practice and Research: Swaddling was effective both during and after the procedure, while oropharyngeal colostrum was effective only after the procedure in reducing ES-related pain in premature neonates. Swaddling and oropharyngeal colostrum were effective in increasing comfort both during and after the procedure.