Estriol, is a major urinary estrogen hormone. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to assess the compatibility between estriol and drug excipients (1:1; w/w). In this study, thermodynamic and spectroscopic data obtained from pure estriol and mixtures of pure estriol with pharmaceutical excipients were compared. Preliminary studies using thermal and spectroscopic technique implied the compatibility of mannitol, calcium phosphate dibasic, sucrose, butylated hydroxyanisole, cellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, talc and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with the drug estriol. As a result of the experimental study, there is incompatibility of estriol-mannitol, estriol-sucrose, estriol-lactose and estriol-magnesium stearate. Keywords Estriol, Stability Compatibility, DSC, FTIR

This study evaluated the impact of the “1st Interprofessional Education Academy” on the interprofessional identity and attitudes of healthcare students in Turkey. This was a 4 day national training program for 24 health professionals aimed to increase effective collaboration and communication skills, support the development of professional identity, and strengthen the implementation of IPE in Turkey. Twenty-four female participants (mean age: 22.88 ± 2.35 years) from various healthcare disciplines completed the Extended Professional Identity Scale (EPIS-TR) and the Interprofessional Attitude Scale (IPAS) before and after the intervention. The results showed significant improvements in all EPIS-TR subscales (interprofessional belonging, commitment, and beliefs) and total scores, indicating a positive impact on interprofessional identity. The IPAS results revealed significant increases in the teamwork, roles, and responsibilities (TRR), patient-centeredness (PC), cultural competency (CC), and overall scores, suggesting enhanced interprofessional attitudes and competencies. A moderately positive correlation was found between EPIS-TR and IPAS total scores. In the analysis, it was seen that there was an increase in the perception level of the participants regarding the importance of IPE due to the effect of the training they received. In addition, there was a significant decrease in participants’ perceptions of their place in the training programs due to an increase in their awareness. The training program received positive evaluations from the participants. These findings highlight the effectiveness of structured IPE interventions in fostering collaborative attitudes and identities among health care students. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is needed to reinforce these results and provide additional evidence for the scale’s applicability in IPE contexts.

Amaç: Bu çalışmadaki amaç Burdur iline ait 2013-2017 yıllarındaki 5 yıllık dönemde verilmiş olan acil sağlık hizmetlerinin değerlendirilmesidir Yöntem: Retrospektif olarak planlanan çalışmada vakalar çağrı nedenlerine, ön tanılarına ve sonuçlarına göre incelenmiş olup yaş, değişkenler gibi vb. parametreler 5 yıllık süreçte ayrı ayrı aylara bölünerek incelenmiştir. Bulgular: 112 acil sağlık ekipleri toplamda 44,724 erkek 37,552 kadın olmak üzere 82,276 kişiye hizmet vermiştir. Çağrı nedenlerine göre dağılımı değerlendirildiğinde toplamda 96,956 vakanın 65,207’sini (%67,25) medikal, 14,165’ni (%14,60) trafik kazası oluşturmuştur. Vaka sonuçlarına göre dağılım incelendiğinde 2013 yılında ön tanı almış vaka sayısı 15,695 olup 2017 yılında sonuçlanmış vaka sayısı toplamda 22,130’dur. 2013-2017 yılları ortalama medikal %67,35, trafik kazası %14,45, diğer kazalar %8,84, diğer %4,66, yaralanma %1,60, intihar %1,21, iş kazası %1 şeklinde bulunmuştur. Travma vakaları %18,26, kardiyovasküler sistem vakaları %17,21, psikiyatrik vakalar %7,24, nörolojik vakalar %7,10, solunum sistemi vakaları %6,40, gastrointestinal sistem hastalıkları %4,02 olarak yer almıştır. Sonuç: Ambulans kullanım oranlarında her yıl artış gözlenmiştir. Vakaların özellikle yaz aylarında yükseldiği görülmüştür. Burdur ilinde vaka yerine ulaşım oranları zorlu kış şartlarında bile kentsel vakalarda ortalama %98,75, kırsal vakalarda ortalama %97,32 olduğu görülmüştür. Medikal vakalar (%67,25) ile ilk sırayı almıştır. Bu oran bize acil sağlık hizmetlerinin kazalardan daha çok tıbbi nedenlere yönelik hizmet verdiğini göstermektedir. Önceki yıllarda %76’larda olan gereksiz arama oranı 2017 yılında %62’lere kadar indiği görülmüştür. Acil sağlık hizmeti sunumu için yeni kalite göstergeleri belirlenmeli ve önlem alınması gereken noktalar belirlenerek eylem planları oluşturulmalıdır.

Introduction: The pepper gases used in the study are in the group of riot control agents. In this study; It was aimed to determine the main heavy metal levels of pepper gases obtained from capsaicin, the active ingredient of peppers grown in soil that we think may contain heavy metals. Material and Method: The presence of a total of 7 heavy metals, including iron, chromium, cobalt, copper, cadmium, lead and nickel, was investigated. The pepper gas sprays were subjected to sample preparation with a microwave combustion device. Then, heavy metal analyzes of the prepared samples were carried out with the ICP OES device. Results: According to this; As a result of the measurements, Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Cobalt (Co) elements were not found in any of the samples. The amount of Lead (Pb) was determined as 0.653±0.064 mg/kg, and the amount of Iron (Fe) was 5.246±0.000 mg/kg. Finally, the Copper (Cu) element detected in a single sample was measured as 0.815 mg/kg. Discussion and Conclusion: We also think that the necessary sensitivity should be shown in laboratory and clinical studies to examine the content of pepper spray and to determine the optimum ratios of its active ingredients. We foresee that preparing promotional brochures, informative public service ads on topics such as what pepper gas is in what situations pepper gas should be used, and informing the public about the health problems it may cause will increase the conscious use of pepper gas.

Background: Falls among older adults represent a major public health concern and are strongly associated with pain, fear of falling, and fear of movement. Pain may increase fall risk in a dose-response manner, while fear of falling can limit mobility, further enhancing vulnerability. This study aimed to investigate the interrelationship between pain, kinesiophobia, and fear of falling in geriatric patients. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Physical Therapy Unit of Burdur State Hospital, Turkey, between March 2022 and March 2023. A total of 100 participants aged ≥65 years were recruited by random sampling. Data collection included sociodemographic characteristics, fall history, chronic diseases, and regular medication use. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Verbal Category Scale, kinesiophobia using the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, and fear of falling using the Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 23). Descriptive statistics, Student’s t -test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post-hoc , and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. Results: The mean age of participants was 70.6 ± 4.5 years. The difference in VAS scores between genders was statistically significant ( p < 0.05), with higher pain levels in women. A strong positive correlation was found between the Tampa and Tinetti scores ( r = 0.704, p < 0.01), and a moderate positive correlation was observed between VAS and Verbal Category Scale scores ( r = 0.535, p < 0.01). Other subgroup comparisons by education, marital status, and chronic disease were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Pain, kinesiophobia, and fear of falling are interrelated in older adults and negatively affect daily functioning. Routine assessment of these factors is essential for personalized fall-prevention strategies. Interventions that encourage safe mobility and reduce fear of movement may improve quality of life in the geriatric population.

In general terms, disasters are situations that cause physical, social and economic losses, disrupt the normal course of life, and exceed local capabilities. They are an unavoidable part of the natural course of human life (Işık, et al., 2012). As disasters are unavoidable, the most effective action people can take is to develop and implement plans to minimise their negative effects. Furthermore, as the timing and location of disasters can vary, it is necessary to be constantly prepared (Kadıoğlu, 2011). It is crucial that environmental health services are fully integrated into all stages of disaster management. In this context, anticipating environmental health problems that may arise during the preparedness phase with a holistic approach and making plans accordingly will contribute to reducing the risks that may occur during and after a disaster. Environmental health services should include key areas such as safe water and food supply, ensuring hygiene conditions, waste management, prevention and control of infectious diseases, and regulation of assembly areas and shelter conditions. (Dereli & Yıldırım, 2023). The chaos experienced in temporary shelter areas after disasters, organisational deficiencies, and coordination failures can negatively affect the continuity of clean water and sanitation services. Environmental pollution resulting from inadequate sanitation infrastructure, particularly in temporary shelter areas used beyond capacity, puts vulnerable groups, especially women and children, at greater risk. These conditions increase the likelihood of infectious diseases emerging and spreading. In order to reduce such risks and effectively control infectious diseases, it is crucial to plan for clean water supply and sanitation infrastructure for temporary shelter areas at the city level during the preparedness phase of disaster management. This research will first address the importance of environmental health concepts in disaster management, then examine the relationship between these concepts and infectious diseases that emerge in temporary shelter areas after disasters. Based on the criteria for temporary shelter areas applied globally and in Turkey, the temporary shelter areas in the province of Sakarya, which was selected as the sample area, will be evaluated, and solutions will be proposed for the identified deficiencies.