Background: Bangladesh’s wetlands support fish genetic resources, biodiversity, and food security but face obstacles like habitat degradation, overfishing, and climate change. This research looks at the diversity, abundance, IUCN conservation status, and stakeholder views for sustainable wetland management in three major wetlands: the Sundarbans mangrove (brackish water), the Sylhet floodplain (freshwater), and the Meghna River basin (estuary). Methods: To assess ecosystem health and vulnerability, we assess fish biodiversity and conservation status using Margalef’s Species Richness Index and Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index. We also used structured questionnaires to interview and gain stakeholders’ perceptions. Results: A total of 165 fish species were identified and categorized based on the IUCN Red List. The Sundarbans exhibited the highest species richness and diversity. The proportion of vulnerable species was highest in Sylhet (15%), followed by the Sundarbans (12%) and Meghna (9%), while 54% of fish species in Sylhet, 36% in the Sundarbans, and 26% in Meghna were not threatened. This study emphasizes integrated wetland management solutions that support SDGs 2 (Zero Hunger), 14 (Life Below Water), and 15 (Life on Land) as outlined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Conclusion: Findings provide a foundation for policymakers, researchers, and conservationists to develop sustainable wetland management frameworks that safeguard fish genetic resources, livelihoods, and ecological balance.

Head and neck cancers, encompassing malignancies of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, represent a considerable worldwide health concern, with over 890,000 new cases and 450,000 deaths each year. Notwithstanding progress in conventional therapies like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the outcomes remain inadequate, particularly for recurrences or metastases. This review synthesizes current medicinal and technological breakthroughs aimed at improving clinical outcomes and patient quality of life in oral and head and neck cancers. Molecular profiling has discovered changes in genes like TP53 mutations, EGFR overexpression, and issues with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR system, which assist in developing personalized cancer treatments. Immunotherapy, particularly treatments that focus on PD-1/PD-L1, offers long-lasting results for certain groups of patients identified by specific markers. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems improve targeted therapy by increasing the amount of medicine at tumor sites and reducing side effects in nearby tissues. Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed disease diagnostics, facilitating earlier identification and customized treatment strategies. Liquid biopsies facilitate the early detection of illnesses and their ongoing monitoring. Regenerative medicine employs stem cell treatment, 3D bioprinting, and CRISPR gene editing to restore bodily functions and enhance tumor targeting. Digital health instruments such as wearable biosensors, tele-oncology, and patient reporting systems enhance therapy precision and monitoring.

The present study examined fish biodiversity, livelihood dependence, cultural importance, and genetic connectivity in two ecologically linked habitats of the Sylhet region, Bangladesh: Hakaluki Haor and the Surma River. Surveys documented 60 fish species with distinct assemblage patterns between sites. Hakaluki Haor was dominated by floodplain spawners and small indigenous species that contribute to year-round subsistence harvests, whereas the Surma River supported a greater proportion of migratory and pelagic species, most notably Tenualosa ilisha. These ecological contrasts reflected differences in hydrology, habitat diversity, and fishing intensity. Household surveys confirmed the central role of fisheries in sustaining income and food security, while cultural practices surrounding hilsa consumption reinforced local stewardship norms. Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence analysis of T. ilisha revealed low genetic differentiation between sites, indicating a single, well-connected stock maintained by seasonal flooding and the absence of major migration barriers. This convergence of ecological and genetic evidence supports treating the two sites as an integrated management unit. Effective conservation will require protecting hydrological connectivity, safeguarding dry season refugia, coordinating seasonal fishing restrictions across habitats, and incorporating cultural values into policy frameworks. The findings strengthen the scientific basis for national and regional conservation strategies and demonstrate the value of combining biological, socio-economic, and cultural dimensions in managing connected wetland–river systems. This approach can serve as a transferable model for other tropical floodplain–river complexes facing similar ecological and livelihood challenges.