BACKGROUND.: The primary treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer confer equivalent cancer control for most patients but disparate side effects. In the current study, the authors sought to compare health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes after the most commonly used treatments.METHODS.: A total of 580 men completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36, the University of California‐Los Angeles (UCLA) Prostate Cancer Index, and the American Urological Association Symptom Index before and through 24 months after treatment with radical prostatectomy (RP), external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), or brachytherapy (BT).RESULTS.: General HRQOL did not appear to be affected by treatment. Obstructive and irritative urinary symptoms were more common after BT (P < .001). Urinary control and sexual function were better after EBRT than BT (P < .001 and P = .02, respectively) and better after BT than RP (P < .001 and P = .01, respectively). Among potent men, recovery of sexual function was best after EBRT and was equivalent after bilateral nerve‐sparing surgery or BT. Sexual bother was more common than urinary or bowel bother after all 3 treatments. Bowel dysfunction was more common after EBRT or BT than RP (P < .001).CONCLUSIONS.: In the current study, treatment for localized prostate cancer was found to differentially affect HRQOL outcomes. Urinary control and sexual function were better after EBRT, although bilateral nerve‐sparing surgery diminished these differences among potent men undergoing RP. BT caused more obstructive and irritative symptoms, while both forms of radiation caused more bowel dysfunction. These results may inform medical decision‐making in men with localized prostate cancer. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.

Decision making for treatment of localized prostate cancer is often guided by therapeutic side-effect profiles. We sought to assess health-related quality-of-life outcomes for patients 48 months after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Men treated for localized prostate cancer (N = 475) were evaluated before treatment and at 11 intervals during the 48 months after intervention. Changes in mean health-related quality-of-life scores and the probability of regaining baseline levels of health-related quality of life were compared between treatment groups. All statistical tests were two-sided. Urinary incontinence was more common after prostatectomy (n = 307) than after brachytherapy (n = 90) or external beam radiation therapy (n = 78) (both P < .001), whereas voiding and storage urinary symptoms were more prevalent after brachytherapy than after prostatectomy (both P < .001). Sexual dysfunction profoundly affected all three treatment groups, with a lower likelihood of regaining baseline function after prostatectomy than after external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy ( P < .001). Bowel dysfunction was more common after either form of radiation therapy than after prostatectomy. These results may guide decision making for treatment selection and clinical management of patients with health-related quality-of-life impairments after treatment for localized prostate cancer.