The study analyzes anthropogenic disturbances of landscapes in Western Kazakhstan, which occupies 27% of the country’s territory. The main focus is on the impact of industry and agriculture, especially pasture use and the development of oil and gas fields. The application of remote sensing data and field surveys allowed us to identify the degree of landscape disturbance and to propose their classification into five levels of disturbance, from virtually undisturbed to severely disturbed. Cartographic analysis revealed that pastures occupy 53.83% of the territory, while industrial-technogenic impact accounts for 23.12%. This indicates a significant level of landscape transformation. The findings of this study can serve as a foundation for environmental monitoring and the formulation of recommendations aimed at reducing anthropogenic impacts. The study underscores the necessity for the sustainable management of natural resources in the context of industrial development in the region and provides crucial insights for maintaining ecological balance.

In recent years, Kazakhstan has experienced a rise in domestic tourism; however, the principles of sustainable development remain poorly integrated into destination management strategies. As a result, land and recreational resources are often used inefficiently. This study focuses on assessing the physical carrying capacity of beaches and the recreational and geomorphological potential of the south-western shore of the Alakol Lake. Based on remote sensing data (PlanetScope, RapidEye, SuperDove, Sentinel-2A, and Landsat-8), the total physical capacity of the beaches in this area was estimated at 75,000 visitors per day and approximately 3.86 million per season. The combined length of beaches and recreational spits reaches 21 kilometers. A scoring assessment of terrain attractiveness and geomorphological risks, based on established criteria, revealed that the recreational and geomorphological potential of the area is optimal. The study proposes that the obtained quantitative parameters be used by local authorities to guide the sustainable and rational development of the lake’s shoreline.

This study presents a comprehensive spatial analysis of the public transport network across the Almaty agglomeration, encompassing 211 routes within eight urban districts and seven adjacent administrative divisions. Drawing on digitized geodata from 3634 unique bus stops, the research methodology integrates quantitative and qualitative spatial metrics, including distribution density, average stop spacing, elevation gradients, and topological connectivity. The analysis highlights significant territorial imbalances: while 70.53% of all unique stops are concentrated within Almaty’s city limits, the surrounding regional network is highly fragmented, with an average stop spacing of 2579.53 m. Furthermore, topographic assessments confirm substantial operational challenges for north–south routing due to steep elevation changes, reaching 984.48 m within the city and 1243.23 m regionally. A critical evaluation of topological connectivity reveals that 44.63% of suburban bus stops lack transfer intersections, underscoring severe deficits in peripheral public transport provision. By assessing 56 distinct connection types, the study categorizes administrative districts based on their route integration levels. Ultimately, the derived spatial parameters offer a robust evaluation of the current transport framework. These insights establish a crucial scientific and empirical foundation for optimizing route geometries, bridging infrastructural gaps, and guiding sustainable transit planning in alignment with Almaty’s transition toward a polycentric urban model. Furthermore, the developed 3D spatial-topological framework provides a scalable, data-driven blueprint for municipal authorities to prioritize infrastructure investments, deploy multimodal hubs and enhance transit equity in other rapidly growing and topographically complex agglomerations worldwide.

В работе, согласно сценариям климатологов, показано, что отсутствие изменений в суммах осадков и повышение среднегодовой приземной температуры воздуха на суше будут способствовать аридизации и опустыниванию территории Казахстана в условиях глобального потепления. В связи с этим, климатическое опустынивание будет способствовать смещению зоны недостаточного увлажнения и увеличению зоны пустынных и полупустынных районов. Представлен прогноз снижения урожайности зерновых культур в этих условиях, что является угрозой для экологической и продовольственной безопасности Казахстана. Целью исследования является анализ воздействия климатических изменений на сельскохозяйственное производство и состояние водных ресурсов РК и разработка адаптивной модели влияния изменения климата на природно-хозяйственные системы. Приведен анализ состояния водных ресурсов как наиболее уязвимого компонента для страны при изменении климатических условий. Показано, что в этих условиях в Республике проводятся адаптационные мероприятия, направленные на снижение климатических рисков и на извлечение потенциальных выгод от изменения климата. В работе представлена авторская методика адаптивной модели влияния изменения климата на природно-хозяйственные системы, которая основывается на методах математической статистики и вероятностного анализа. Уровни адаптации интерпретируются в соответствии с индексом: при возрастании показателя возрастает и степень влияния на природно-хозяйственные системы. Модель имеет высокий потенциал использования при прогнозировании изменения климата в пределах территориально ограниченных природно-хозяйственных систем. Предложенные рекомендации по адаптации к изменению климата могут найти применение при разработке государственных программ по управлению природно-климатическими рисками.

The article presents data on effective land management for optimization of their rational use from land degradation and This article presents effective land management methods for mitigating land degradation and addressing water and wind erosion. It summarizes theoretical and practical knowledge about the mechanisms of erosion processes and methods for reducing land degradation. Currently, science offers effective technologies and protection of land use from degradation; a new, different view of the mood-ecological state of land use. This means research and analysis of optimal land use methods and methods to reduce land degradation in land use in Kazakhstan, which accounts for about 90 percent. Thus, as Kazakh scientists have proven, land degradation occurs naturally and is largely dependent on human activity. Furthermore, local climatic conditions and anthropogenic impacts in many cases influence soil degradation in Kazakhstan. The main existing factors of soil erosion are rain, snow, wind, and floods, which are very harmful because they degrade the soil quality. In Kazakhstan's main regions, degraded local lands are used for agricultural purposes, as this involves the use of toxic and chemical pollutants that are hazardous to the soil, impairing the life of organisms, and reducing soil adhesion. The country's primary agricultural practices rely exclusively on fertilizers and harmful chemical pesticides, often due to excessive and, apparently, improper use of chemical fertilizers. As a result, beneficial bacteria and other microorganisms that are part of the soil are destroyed. It is necessary to take into account the urgent problem of improving the methods of rational use of lands in conditions of degradation. In these conditions, improving the organizational and economic mechanism for protecting agricultural lands from degradation. This predetermines the choice of the topic, object and main directions of research.