Background: Stroke burden characterization studies in low‐ and middle‐income countries are scarce. We estimated the burden of stroke and its risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods and Results: We extracted GBD (Global Burden of Disease) study 2019 data on overall stroke and 3 subtypes (ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage) for 20 LAC countries. We estimated absolute and age‐standardized rates of disability‐adjusted life years, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and deaths. The population‐attributable fractions of 17 risk factors were estimated. All analyses were performed at regional and national levels by stroke subtype, sex, and age subgroups. In 2019, the LAC region had the fourth largest stroke burden worldwide (6.8 million disability‐adjusted life years), predominantly attributable to premature deaths (89.5% of disability‐adjusted life years). Intracerebral hemorrhage was the primary cause of the overall stroke burden (42% of disability‐adjusted life years), but ischemic stroke was the leading cause of disability (69% of total years lived with disability). Haiti and Honduras had the highest age‐standardized rates. Older adults and men had the largest burdens, although women had the highest rate of disability. Socioeconomic development level did not influence the burden. The major risk factor clusters were metabolic (high systolic blood pressure [population‐attributable fraction=53%] and high body mass index [population‐attributable fraction=37%]), which were more influential in hemorrhagic events, women, and older adults. Household air pollution was an important risk factor in low‐income countries in LAC. Conclusions: The stroke burden and stroke‐related mortality in LAC are higher than the worldwide averages. However, stroke is a highly preventable disease in this region. Up to 90% of the burden could be reduced by targeting 2 modifiable factors: blood pressure and body mass index. Further research and implementation of primary and secondary prevention interventions are needed, as well as integrated national stroke care programs for acute, subacute, and rehabilitation management in LAC.

Evaluate the performance of clock drawing test- Manos versión (PDR-M) and Mini Mental State Examination -Peruvian version (MMSE) to detect dementia in a sample based on urban community of Lima, Peru. This study is a secondary analysis database, observational, analytical and cross-sectional, the gold standard was the clinical and the neuropsychological evaluations together. Performance testing individually and in combination were evaluated.. Data were obtained from prevalence study conducted in 2008 in Cercado de Lima. MMSE performance for evaluation of patients with dementia of any kind showed sensitivity of 64,1%, specificity of 84,1%, PPV of 24.4%, NPV of 96.7%, PLR of 4,03 and NLR of 0,43. PDR-M showed sensitivity of 89,3%, specificity of 98,1%, PPV of 79.3%, NPV of 99.1%, PLR of 47,79 and NLR of 0,11. When both tests were applied, and at least one of them was positive, they showed sensitivity 98.1%, specificity 84.1%, PPV of 33.1%, NPV of 99.8%, PLR of 6,17 and NLR of 0,02. When performing separate analysis of Alzheimer-type dementia and non- Alzheimer dementia, the values of the parameters do not differ substantially from those obtained for dementia of any kind. The combination of MMSE and PDR-M show good discriminative ability to detect moderate and severe dementia in population living in urban community in Lima.

To determine the prevalence of workplace violence among Peruvian medical residents and to evaluate the association between medical specialty and workplace violence per type of aggressor. This was a cross-sectional secondary analysis that used data from the Peruvian Medical Residents National Survey 2016 (ENMERE-2016). The outcome of interest was workplace violence, including physical and verbal violence, which were categorized according to the perpetrator of violence (patients/relatives and worker-to-worker). Primary exposure was the medical specialty, categorized as clinical, surgical, and other specialties. To evaluate the associations of interest, we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using Poisson regression models with robust variances. A total of 1054 Peruvian medical residents were evaluated. The mean age was 32.6 years and 42.3% were female. Overall 73.4% reported having suffered of workplace violence sometime during the residency, 34.4% reported violence from patients/relatives, and 61.1% reported worker-to-worker violence. Compared with clinical residents, surgical residents had a lower prevalence of violence from patients/relatives (PR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.59–0.87), but a higher prevalence of worker-to-worker violence (PR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01–1.23). Nearly three quarters of medical residents reported having suffered workplace violence sometime during their residency. Compared with clinical residents, surgical residents had lower rates of violence from patients/relatives, but higher rates of worker-to-worker violence; while residents from non-clinical and non-surgical specialties had a lower prevalence of both types of violence.