Given the high importance of the teachers’ role in overall school improvement, there has been a strong tradition to investigate various factors affecting teachers’ motivation in developed countries. However, like other variables, the factors of intrinsic motivation may offer variance in developed and underdeveloped countries. Thus, this study investigated the importance of work environmental factors and the role of teachers’ individual differences in fostering intrinsic motivation by collecting data from 357 Pakistani secondary school teachers. Interpersonal relationships were found to be the highest source of teachers’ intrinsic motivation. The structural equation model revealed that school work environment variables: administrative support, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, promotion, colleagues’ support, and salary were significant factors in fostering teachers’ intrinsic motivation. Teachers’ individual differences in gender, academic and professional qualifications, and work experience also showed a significant role in explaining teachers’ intrinsic motivation although the extent of effect was smaller than work environmental factors. Female teachers and teachers possessing low qualifications and having work experience of 6–10 years were found more intrinsically motivated. Findings suggest that school administration ought to encourage strategies that foster teachers’ needs and expectations, particularly for mid-career teachers and those possessing higher qualifications.

Symbiotic copepods have a wide host group, including not only invertebrates but also vertebrates, with variable symbiotic sites and morphological characteristics. Even though symbiotic copepods exhibit remarkable diversity, our knowledge of them is still very limited, causing significant lacunae in our understanding of their taxonomic characteristics, host associations, and geographical distributions. To fill these knowledge gaps, we have compiled a comprehensive list of symbiotic copepods and their molluscan hosts in the global oceans based on an extensive literature review. The inventory provides a comprehensive synthesis of the diversity, hosts, and geographical distributions of the symbiotic copepods. This review summarizes information on copepods symbiotic with mollusks from 1863 to 2025. Our compilation records a total of 342 symbiotic copepod species associated with more than 435 species of mollusks. This total includes some copepod species for which no specific host has been identified. For each copepod species, we provide details on its hosts, geographical distributions and the original references.