Compared to 4G long-term evolution (LTE) networks, 5G and 6G networks provide fast data transmission with little delay, larger base station capacity, enhanced quality of service (QoS), and extensive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channels. Nevertheless, the attainment of mobility and handover (HO) in 5/6G networks has been hindered by substantial changes in intelligent devices and the high-definition applications of multimedia. Therefore, the existing cellular network is compared with difficulties in transmitting large amounts of data at a faster rate, ensuring high QoS, minimizing latency, and efficiently managing HOs and mobility. This paper primarily addresses the difficulties related to HO and mobility management in 5G/6G networks. The findings of this paper emphasize the importance of aligning mobility and HO strategies with sustainable development goals to reduce energy consumption and improve resource allocation. It focuses on integrating innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance the sustainability and efficiency of mobility and HO management. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current body of the literature and explores essential metrics for measuring performance (known as KPIs) and potential solutions for difficulties linked to HO and mobility. The analysis takes into account established standards in the field. Furthermore, it assesses the effectiveness of existing models in dealing with HO and mobility management problems, considering criteria such as energy efficiency, dependability, latency, and scalability. This survey concludes by highlighting key challenges associated with HO and mobility management in existing research models. It also offers comprehensive assessments of the proposed solutions, accompanied by suggestions for future research.

With the widespread adoption of face masks due to global health crises and heightened security concerns, traditional face recognition systems have struggled to maintain accuracy, prompting significant research into masked face recognition (MFR). Although various models have been proposed, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of recent deep learning (DL)-based approaches remains limited. This paper addresses this research gap by providing an extensive review and comparative analysis of state-of-the-art MFR techniques. We focus on DL-based methods due to their superior performance in real-world scenarios, discussing key architectures, feature extraction strategies, datasets, and evaluation metrics. This paper also introduces a structured methodology for selecting and reviewing relevant works, ensuring transparency and reproducibility. As a contribution, we present a detailed taxonomy of MFR approaches, highlight current challenges, and suggest potential future research directions. This survey serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking to advance the field of robust facial recognition in masked conditions.

The capabilities of 6G networks surpass those of existing networks, aiming to enable seamless connectivity between all entities and users at any given time. A critical aspect of achieving enhanced and ubiquitous mobile broadband, as promised by 6G networks, is merging satellite networks with land-based networks, which offers significant potential in terms of coverage area. Advanced routing techniques in next-generation network technologies, particularly when incorporating terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, are essential for optimizing network efficiency and delivering promised services. However, the dynamic nature of the network, the heterogeneity and complexity of next-generation networks, and the relative distance and mobility of satellite networks all present challenges that traditional routing protocols struggle to address. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of 6G networks, addressing key enablers, technologies, commitments, satellite networks, and routing techniques in the context of 6G and satellite network integration. To ensure 6G fulfills its promises, the paper emphasizes necessary scenarios and investigates potential bottlenecks in routing techniques. Additionally, it explores satellite networks and identifies routing challenges within these systems. The paper highlights routing issues that may arise in the integration of 6G and satellite networks and offers a comprehensive examination of essential approaches, technologies, and visions required for future advancements in this area. 6G and satellite networks are associated with technical terms such as AI/ML, quantum computing, THz communication, beamforming, MIMO technology, ultra-wide band and multi-band antennas, hybrid channel models, and quantum encryption methods. These technologies will be utilized to enhance the performance, security, and sustainability of future networks.