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(Calculated once Scilit publication data is synced: current year − year of first publication + 1)
<mml:math display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mtext>-</mml:mtext><mml:mn>40</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.3em"></mml:mspace><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.3em"></mml:mspace><mml:msup><mml:mi>dm</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>0-40gdm−3 phosphorous acid <mml:math display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>(H3PO3) . Experimental results indicate that coarse nickel grains were substantially refined with the incorporation of phosphorus into the deposit. For example, as the deposit phosphorus content was increased from <mml:math display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.3em"></mml:mspace><mml:mtext>to</mml:mtext><mml:mspace width="0.3em"></mml:mspace><mml:mn>14</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.3em"></mml:mspace><mml:mi>wt</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.3em"></mml:mspace><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>0to14wt% , the structure of the deposit changed in sequence from a coarse column to a mixture of column and lamella, followed by a well-defined lamella, and finally to a homogeneous amorphous matrix dispersed with nanosized grains. Accompanied with this structural evolution, the deposit exhibited a distinct change in deposit hardness and internal stress. These properties and microstructure relationships are discussed in terms of the lattice defects in the grains and proton discharge during electroplating.