In Egypt, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health concern, and the disease is considered a modern pandemic throughout the world. The incidence of diabetes is steadily climbing, which is causing grave concern. As a result, it is essential to take into consideration the risk factors that are pervasive in Egyptian society and have led to the worsening of this problem. These risk factors include sedentary lifestyles, obesity, hepatitis C infections, pesticides, smoking, and bad cultural habits. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the possible solutions to fight diabetes mellitus and overcome its serious health and socioeconomic burdens in Egypt. A multidisciplinary, team-based approach is highly recommended in diabetes management. Primary care physicians, endocrinologists, nephrologists, and preventive cardiologists all play a crucial role in providing the highest possible level of care to diabetic patients by collaborating closely with one another. The assessment of cardiovascular risk and the prevention of life-threatening cardiovascular events, common among diabetic patients, warrant the introduction of preventive cardiology, a new and significant concept in diabetes care that demands adoption. The integration of preventive cardiology into the treatment of diabetic patients is expected to significantly cut down the morbidity and mortality rates associated with diabetes mellitus and provide them with a better quality of life.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) has emerged from the margins of cardiology to the forefront of research and practice on heart failure. Once regarded as rare and elusive, CA is now recognized as a significant cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), arrhythmias, and valvular disease, especially in older patients. CA is characterized by extracellular deposition of misfolded protein fibrils, which infiltrate the myocardium and disrupt the structural and electrical integrity. Although CA can stem from multiple amyloid types, transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) and light-chain (AL) amyloidosis are the predominant subtypes with cardiac involvement, each carrying distinct implications for prognosis and therapy. This review explores CA as a clinical reality often obscured by more common cardiovascular syndromes. Moreover, this review focuses on the varied presentations of CA in real-world practice, how the condition overlaps with HFpEF, the subtle clues for CA amid common valvular disorders, and the complex rhythm manifestations of the condition. Particular attention is given to thromboembolic risk, microvascular dysfunction, and the evolving paradigm of preclinical or asymptomatic amyloidosis management. Furthermore, this review addresses contemporary challenges such as financial toxicity and the cost-effectiveness of screening, emphasizing the benefits of early detection and therapy. The paper also discusses risk stratification and staging, drawing from validated models to guide both prognosis and treatment decisions, and the role of histopathological characterization. Thus, this review underscores the importance of timely recognition and tailored intervention in transforming CA from a terminal diagnosis into a manageable chronic condition.

Background/Objectives: Esaxerenone, a novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has shown promising results in the treatment of essential hypertension (HTN). This study aims to comprehensively analyze the effectiveness of esaxerenone to control BP in patients with essential HTN. Methods: A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and Cochrane Library from inception until January 2025 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing esaxerenone with standard HTN usual care. The primary outcome of interest was mean changes in sitting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Other secondary outcomes were mean changes in 24 h-SBP and 24 h-DBP, and target BP achievement. Safety outcomes, such as adverse events and increased levels of potassium/uric acid, were also assessed. Results: Our meta-analysis included four studies with a total of 1981 patients, all conducted in Japan. Esaxerenone demonstrated dose-dependent blood pressure reductions. At 5 mg, sitting DBP decreased by 4.22 mmHg (95% CI −8.72 to 0.29; p = 0.07) and SBP by 9.07 mmHg (95% CI −17.69 to −0.45; p = 0.04), while the 1.25 mg dose showed smaller, non-significant reductions. For 24 h measurements, only the 5 mg dose achieved significant reductions. Target BP achievement increased by 48% overall (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.96; p = 0.007), with stronger effects at 5 mg (RR 2.05, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.08; p = 0.04). Esaxerenone significantly reduced nocturnal SBP by 10.62 mmHg (95% CI −14.01 to −7.23; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients with essential HTN, esaxerenone was shown to be safe and well-tolerated compared with usual care. Long-term data on safety is warranted.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) represents an increasingly recognized but historically underdiagnosed cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy and heart failure. CA is now understood to be more prevalent, particularly in older adults, as advancements in imaging and biomarker technologies have improved detection. The disease results from the misfolding of precursor proteins, primarily immunoglobulin light chains (in light chain (AL) amyloidosis) or transthyretin (in transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis), into insoluble fibrils that deposit in myocardial tissue. These deposits cause structural and functional cardiac impairment through both physical infiltration and cytotoxic mechanisms, leading to diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, and progressive heart failure. Understanding the molecular basis of amyloid formation and deposition has revealed subtype-specific mechanisms of toxicity and tissue tropism, highlighting the central role of protein instability, proteolytic cleavage, and oxidative stress in disease progression. Furthermore, increasing awareness of phenotypic variability and sex- or ethnicity-based diagnostic disparities has called for earlier recognition and differentiation of CA subtypes. Diagnostic precision is enhanced by a multimodal approach incorporating histopathology, biomarker staging, and advanced imaging techniques such as echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and nuclear scintigraphy. This review addresses our contemporary understanding of the molecular mechanisms, pathophysiologic cascade, and diagnostic evolution of AL and ATTR CA, emphasizing clinical progress. By delineating the biological mechanisms and tools for early identification, this paper aims to strengthen the framework for diagnosing and managing a disease that was once overlooked but is now at the forefront of modern cardiovascular medicine.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented international health crisis, which has invoked massive consequence on healthcare workers’ mental health and wellbeing. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and burnout among house officers amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt to assess the effect of this pandemic on their mental health. Results: A total of 254 house officers were included in this study, and their responses were analyzed. Anxiety, burnout, and depression were reported among 35%, 32%, and 22% of participants, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis found that higher levels of overall worry were associated with anxiety, but not depression or burnout. Having a good personal protective equipment attitude was a significant predictor of both anxiety and burnout. Participants with depression had a higher likelihood of also having a burnout, but a lower likelihood of having anxiety. Overall worry related to the pandemic, depression, and clinical burnout status were all significantly associated with anxiety. Conclusions: The study found that anxiety, depression, and burnout are highly prevalent among house officers, who are newly graduated medical professionals. These findings suggest the need for specific programs to address the wellbeing of these individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic.