The most common site of metastasis in breast cancer is the bone, where the balance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation is disrupted. This imbalance causes osteolytic bone metastasis in breast cancer, which leads to bone pain, pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and other skeletal-related events (SREs). These complications reduce patients' quality of life significantly and have a profound impact on prognosis. In this review, we begin by providing a brief overview of the epidemiology of bone metastasis in breast cancer, including current diagnostic tools, treatment approaches, and existing challenges. Then, we will introduce the pathophysiology of breast cancer bone metastasis (BCBM) and the animal models involved in the study of BCBM. We then come to the focus of this paper: a discussion of several biomarkers that have the potential to provide predictive and prognostic value in the context of BCBM—some of which may be particularly compatible with more comprehensive liquid biopsies. Beyond that, we briefly explore the potential of new technologies such as single-cell sequencing and organoid models, which will improve our understanding of tumor heterogeneity and aid in the development of improved biomarkers. The emerging biomarkers discussed hold promise for future clinical application, aiding in the prevention of BCBM, improving the prognosis of patients, and guiding the implementation of personalized medicine.

There has been extensive research on the KSHV/HHV8 virus, which has led to a better understanding of viral transmission, pathogenesis, viral-driven lymphoid proliferation, neoplastic transformation, and how we might combat these processes clinically. On an extensive review of the literature, only two true KSHV/HHV8-positive lymphoid neoplasms are described: primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), which can also present as solid or extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma (EC-PEL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Two lymphoproliferative disorders have also been described, and while they are not true monotypic neoplasms, these lesions can transform into neoplasms: KSHV/HHV8-positive germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder (GLPD) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). This review provides a somewhat concise overview of information related to KSHV/HHV8-positive lymphoid neoplasms and pertinent associated lymphoproliferative lesions.

There has been extensive research in the field of KSHV/HHV8 virus, which has led to the development in the understanding of KSHV/HHV8 transmission, viral pathogenesis, how the virus drives neoplastic lesions, and how we can combat these processes. On extensive review of literature, only two true KSHV/HHV8 positive lymphoid neoplasms are described: Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), which can also present as solid or extra-cavitary primary effusion lymphoma (EC-PEL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Two lymphoproliferative disorders have also been described, and while they are not true monotypic neoplasms, these lesions can transform into neoplasms: KSHV/HHV8 positive germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder (GLPD) and Multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). This review provides a somewhat concise overview of information related to KSHV/HHV8 positive lymphoid neoplasms and pertinent associated lymphoproliferative lesions.