Many adsorbent materials are now commercially available; however, studies have focused on modifying them to enhance their properties. In this study, an activated carbon (AC) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) composite was synthesized by the immersion of ACs in a simulated body fluid solution, varying the AC oxidation degree along with the addition of CaSiO₃. The resulting composites were characterized by ash %, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and point of zero charge (PZC). The characterization results indicated that the addition of CaSiO₃ and the oxygenated functional groups in the AC surface are key factors for HAp growth. The composites were tested on methylene blue (MB) adsorption as a potential application for the synthesized materials. Adsorption isotherms were modeled with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and the composites were fitted to a Langmuir model with the highest q_max value of 9.82. The kinetic results indicated that for the pseudo-second-order model, the composites fitted, with a contact time of 180 min to remove a 95.61% average of the MB. The results indicate that composite materials can be an efficient adsorbent for the removal of MB from aqueous solutions at low concentrations since the material with the highest amount of HAp growth removed 99.8% of the MB in 180 min.

This study evaluates the current state of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in Mexico, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. Using a mixed-methods approach, it combines quantitative analysis of charging station distribution with qualitative insights from government officials, expert reports, and industry sources. Mexico’s EV infrastructure has grown significantly, increasing from 100 charging stations in 2015 to over 3300 public points by 2023, along with nearly 28,000 residential installations. Despite this progress, rural areas remain underserved, and challenges such as high installation costs, lack of incentives, inconsistent policies, and technological integration issues hinder further growth. Comparisons with countries like Chile and Brazil show the importance of government incentives, public–private partnerships, and standardised charging technologies to address these barriers. While government programs and private investments have driven Mexico’s infrastructure development, continued growth requires expanding coverage in underserved regions, aligning regulatory frameworks, and fostering collaboration between the public and private sectors. Learning from the experiences of other countries, Mexico has the potential to accelerate the growth of its EV infrastructure through enhanced incentives, improved policies, and standardised technologies, positioning itself as a leader in sustainable mobility.

This study provides a mapping of the current state of electromobility education in Mexico, aiming to identify gaps and opportunities in developing specialized talent for the energy transition and sustainable mobility. A scoping review was conducted using a structured methodological framework, involving searches across official platforms, academic institutions, and government sources, with specific criteria to select programs related to electric vehicle technology and sustainable transport. The results reveal a concentration of programs in the northern and central industrial regions, while southern and southeastern areas remain underrepresented, creating territorial disparities. Additionally, specialized programs were identified, alongside gaps in emerging areas such as battery recycling, renewable energy integration, and policy and regulatory training. The review highlights that, although Mexico has a substantial workforce, there are significant deficiencies in advanced, innovation-oriented training, limiting the country’s participation in more specialized segments of global EV value chains. It is concluded that strengthening academia–industry collaboration, expanding curricula in strategic domains, and investing in postgraduate education and research are essential steps to support a more inclusive and sustainable electromobility transition.