Juwita S, Indrawati A, Damajanti R, Safika, Mayasari NLPI. 2021. Multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from dairy farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1015-1022. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important issue affecting human and animal health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance and determine the virulence factors of S. aureus isolated from the dairy farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Thirty-one isolates of S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to 9 types of antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in S. aureus isolates was performed by the conventional PCR method. The results showed that S. aureus isolates from human samples were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) (86%), ampicillin (AMP) (86%), oxacillin (OXA) (14%), cefoxitin (FOX) (14%), tetracycline (TET) (43%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (14%). Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the animal samples were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) (50%), ampicillin (AMP) (50%), tetracycline (TET) (15%), and erythromycin (5%). Meanwhile, S. aureus isolates from dangke were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) and ampicillin (AMP) (50% each). Antimicrobial resistance genes for blaTEM (83%), mecA (17%), and tetA (100%) were detected in S. aureus isolates from human samples, whereas those for blaTEM (90%) and tetA (100%) were detected in isolates from animal samples. Meanwhile, the genes for blaTEM (100%) were detected in isolates from dangke. A total of 19 S. aureus isolates harbored the virulence gene for fnbA (26%), clfA (58%), hla (58%), and tst (21%). The use of antibiotics in humans and animals needs to be implemented properly in local communities to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. The presence of the tst gene in raw milk is essential for consumer protection against the risk of toxic shock syndrome.

Background and Aim: African swine fever (ASF), a devastating viral disease in swine caused by ASF virus (ASFV), has led to substantial economic losses, particularly in Asia since 2018. ASFV’s resilience in diverse environments renders the movement of infected pork products a critical risk for disease transmission. This study aimed to identify ASFV contamination in pork products brought by international travelers to Indonesia, highlighting potential pathways for ASF introduction. Materials and Methods: From 2019 to 2020, pork food products confiscated at three Indonesia international airports (Soekarno-Hatta, Raja Haji Fisabilillah, and Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan) underwent testing. ASFV detection employed TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the B646L (p72) gene, followed by gene sequencing of B646L (p72) and E183L (p54) for molecular characterization. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to compare local ASFV strains with global counterparts. Results: Among 29 confiscated samples, two pork products originating from China tested positive for ASFV. These were identified as genotype II, consistent with strains from Africa, Europe, and Asia. Sequence analyses confirmed the Indonesian strain’ close genetic relationship with global ASFV genotype II isolates, such as those from China, Vietnam, and Georgia. Conclusion: The presence of ASFV in imported pork products emphasizes the risk posed by international travelers in introducing the virus to ASF-free regions. This underscores the need for stringent border biosecurity measures, surveillance, and public awareness to prevent ASFV outbreaks in Indonesia. Although ASFV does not pose a direct threat to human health, its transmission through swill-feeding practices remains a critical concern for the pig industry. Keywords: African swine fever, ASFV, Indonesia, international airports, molecular identification, pork product contamination.

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes several infectious diseases, including mastitis, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis, and poses a threat to human and animal health. This study aims to phenotypically and genetically identify S. aureus from the isolates collected from humans, animals, environment, and Dangke products in the dairy farms of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, as well as to establish a genetic relationship among the isolated S. aureus strains. Materials and Methods: The total number of samples was 142, comprising 30 humans (skin swab), 58 animals (raw milk), 14 dairy products (Dangke), and 40 environmental samples (water). S. aureus was phenotypically identified using the culture method, followed by Gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. Simultaneously, genotypic identification of S. aureus was performed using the conventional polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. Sequencing data were analyzed using the MEGA X software by comparing BLAST National Center for Biotechnology Information databases. Results: The phenotypic methods revealed that 56/142 (39.4%) animal, human, and Dangke samples grew on culture, and 56/56 (100%) were Gram stain positive, 56/56 (100%) catalase-positive, and 23/56 (41.1%) coagulase positive. The genotypic method revealed that 32/56 (57.1%) samples amplified the nuc gene. The phylogenetic analysis of 12 isolates revealed that they are all closely related and do not belong to distinct clades. Conclusion: It indicates that S. aureus isolates from animals (S30) are probably the same strain as human isolates (H2, H3, H4, and H5). The findings of this study can be used as information regarding the importance of preventing and controlling diseases caused by S. aureus using a health approach involving the human, animal, and environmental sectors. This study was limited to the sequencing analysis of the nuc gene.

African swine fever is a viral disease that causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild swine worldwide. The first case of ASF in Indonesia was reported in North Sumatra Province in September 2019. A total of 20 archival samples of positive ASF collected from the Animal Disease Investigation Center of Medan during the outbreak investigation took place from 2019 to 2023, were used in this study. The partial B646L gene (p72), the full sequence of the E183L gene (p54) and the central variable region (CVR) of the B602L gene were amplified, purified, then sequenced. Web-based BLAST program and MEGA XI software were used to analyze the nucleotide sequencing results. The results of molecular and phylogenetic characterization analysis revealed that the ASF virus that infected pigs in North Sumatra Province in 2019-2023 was belonged to genotype II. Analysis of the three genes (B646L, E183L and B602L) did not show changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences in the isolates in the last 5 years. No novel variants were found in the CVR gene B602L. CVR analysis showed that these ASF virus strain belonged to subgroup XXXII. The results of this study revealed that the ASF virus in North Sumatra Province has high homology with ASF virus isolates previously detected in China, Vietnam and East Leste in 2019.

Latar Belakang: Ayam kampung merupakan salah satu kebutuhan protein hewani yang sering dicari masyarakat. Pemeliharaan ayam kampung dengan sistem dibiarkan lepas menjadi predisposisi terinfeksi oleh parasit gastrointestinal. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji perubahan sel epitel dan hipertrofi sel goblet pada saluran pencernaan ayam kampung yang terinfeksi cacing cestoda Raillietina spp. secara alami. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan tujuh preparat arsip histopatologi usus halus ayam kampung yang terinfeksi cacing cestoda. Sampel usus halus ayam kampung diambil dari dua pasar yang berbeda, yaitu pasar Pluit di Jakarta Utara dan pasar Kebayoran Lama di Jakarta Selatan. Hasil: Hasil pengamatan histopatologis pada preparat usus ditemukan deskuamasi epitel vili dan proliferasi sel-sel kripta yang diakibatkan oleh infeksi cacing cestoda. Sel goblet yang mengalami hipertrofi paling banyak ditemukan pada sampel preparat yang diambil dari pasar Kebayoran Lama, Jakarta Selatan (p>0,05). Simpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa deskuamasi vili dan jumlah hipertrofi sel goblet terjadi akibat infeksi cacing cestoda pada mukosa usus halus ayam kampung. Background: Free-range chickens are one of the animal protein needs people often look for. Maintaining free-range chickens with a free cage system predisposes them to infection with gastrointestinal parasites. Objectives: This study aims to determine epithelial cell changes and hypertrophy of digestive tract goblet cells in free-range chicken infected naturally with Raillietina spp. worms. Methods: This study used seven archival slides of small intestine histopathology of free-range chicken infected with cestode worms. Small intestines of free-range chicken samples were taken from two markets: Pluit market in North Jakarta and Kebayoran Lama market in South Jakarta. Results: Histopathological observations on intestinal slides found desquamation of villous epithelium and proliferation of crypt cells caused by cestode worm infection. The highest number of hypertrophied goblet cells was found in slide samples from the Kebayoran Lama market, South Jakarta. However, it did not have a significant different (p>0.05) in cestode infection. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the desquamation of villi and an increase goblet cell hypertrophy occur due to cestode worm infection in the small intestinal mucosa of free-range chicken.

Gallibacterium anatis ( G. anatis ) is associated with decreased egg production and respiratory disorders in chickens. The presence of G. anatis in Indonesia has not been reported. This study aimed to identify G. anatis both phenotypically and genotypically in layer, broiler, and breeder chicken from farms in West Java. A total of 23 suspected gallibacteriosis cases were collected from chickens exhibiting respiratory and reproductive disorders between May 2020 and October 2023. Phenotypic characterization was conducted using blood agar culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, and TSIA). Genotypic identification of G. anatis was performed using PCR targeting the 16S‐23S rRNA gene, followed by detection of virulence genes ( gtxA, flfA, and gyrB ). Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were carried out using BLAST program and MEGA 7. Among the 23 collected samples, 17 samples showed phenotypic characteristics of G. anatis , and 14 of these isolates (73.9%) were confirmed molecularly. Virulence genes profiling revealed the presence of gyrB (100%), gtxA (93.3%), and flfA (71.4%). Sequence analysis demonstrated more than 98.65% similarity between all isolates and reference G. anatis strains in GenBank, supporting accurate species identification. This study provides the molecular evidence of G. anatis in layer, breeder, and broiler chickens from farms in West Java, Indonesia. The detection of key virulence genes further indicates the pathogen’s potential role in reduced production and respiratory disease in Indonesian poultry. These findings highlight the importance of routine surveillance and molecular diagnostics to support early detection and control strategies for gallibacteriosis in commercial poultry populations.