Introduction: Physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive decline. Exercise supports brain health and cognitive function, with potential benefits for neuroplasticity—the brain's ability to reorganize in response to demands and injury. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using Pubmed and Google Scholar database with following search terms: “physical activity”, “neurogenesis”, “BDNF”, “neuroplasticity” and “cognitive function”. State of knowledge: Neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to reorganize and form new connections in response to learning or injury, is supported at the molecular level by various factors (e.g. BDNF or VEGF). Aerobic and resistance exercises have been linked to increased gray and white matter volumes, especially in regions critical to memory and executive function. These effects are valuable in preventing cognitive decline and improving mental health. Current research has also shown that the impact of exercise on neuroplasticity can be augmented through consistent, high-intensity activity, which supports neuroplasticity through hormone modulation. Furthermore, emerging technologies like neuroimaging have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced brain adaptation, which holds promise for personalized interventions. Conclusions: This review focuses on the preventive and therapeutic potential of physical activity for neurological health, highlighting the need for continued research into how different forms of physical activity can influence neuroplasticity.

Introduction and purpose: In recent years there has been an increase in scientific research regarding the body's exposure to low temperatures. The potential health benefits have captured the attention of both researchers and the general public. This article review provides an analysis of the existing literature concerning the impact of cold body exposure on health and athletic achievements. Material and methods: A review of the literature available in the "PubMed" database and books was conducted. The search was performed by using the following keywords: "cold exposure", "cryotherapy", "cold shower", "cold-water immersion" and "winter swimming". State of knowledge: Encountering low temperatures can be perceived as a physiological stressor. The body responds to this situation by activating adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, such as the activation of brown adipose tissue, improved glucose control and increased immune system activity. An increasing amount of data supports the positive impact of cold exposure on athletic performance. Potential benefits are indicated such as enhancing physical endurance through increased heat production and stimulation of the circulatory system, as well as facilitating faster body recovery. Results and Conclusions: The article review indicates a growing interest in the impact of cold exposure. While there are encouraging findings of positive effects, further research is necessary for better understanding and determining the optimal conditions for achieving maximum benefits. This information could have a significant impact on the development of training strategies and health prevention.

Introduction: Pressure ulcers represent a significant healthcare challenge affecting patient outcomes and quality of life. This comprehensive review examines the integrated approach to pressure ulcer prevention and treatment, focusing on physical activity, nutrition, modern wound care technologies, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Materials and Methods: Literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar, with search terms including "pressure ulcers", "physical activity", "nutrition", "wound care", "prevention", "modern technologies" State of knowledge: Pressure ulcers develop when sustained pressure exceeds critical capillary pressures (arterial: ~32 mmHg; venous: 8-12 mmHg), leading to tissue ischemia and necrosis. Physical activity demonstrates significant benefits in wound healing through immune modulation, improved circulation, and enhanced tissue regeneration. Nutritional interventions, particularly protein supplementation (24% vs. 14% protein), show improved healing rates. Modern wound care technologies, including specialized dressings and emerging therapies like hyperbaric oxygen and stem cell treatments, demonstrate promising results. Prevention strategies incorporating risk assessment tools, proper positioning techniques, and skin care protocols significantly reduce pressure ulcer incidence. Conclusions: An integrated approach combining physical activity, proper nutrition, and advanced wound care technologies offers the most effective strategy for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including electrical impedance analysis and stem cell therapy, show promise for improving outcomes. Further research is needed to validate emerging technologies and establish standardized treatment protocols.

Introduction: Digestive system diseases, including IBD, and GERD, are prevalent health concerns worldwide. Physical activity, widely acknowledged for its health benefits, has emerged as a promising area of research for its potential in mitigating symptoms and influencing risk factors associated with digestive system diseases. This study aims to critically assess existing evidence on the role of physical activity in the prevention, symptom management, and progression of prevalent digestive disorders. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of pertinent studies was conducted through comprehensive searches in databases including PubMed, NCBI and Google Scholar. The data were sourced from clinical and experimental studies, evaluated for methodological rigor, participant characteristics, and therapeutic outcomes. State of knowledge: The analysis demonstrated that physical activity can exert beneficial effects on digestive health through mechanisms such as enhanced gut motility, reduced inflammation, and increased microbiota diversity. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was associated with reduced risk and symptom improvement in patients with IBS and IBD, while high-intensity exercise showed variable effects, with potential symptom exacerbation in certain cases. Additionally, exercise correlated with a lower incidence of GERD, likely due to benefits in weight management. Despite these positive associations, inconsistencies in study design and exercise protocols underscore the need for standardized guidelines on physical activity tailored to specific digestive conditions. Conclusions: Physical activity appears to play a beneficial role in managing and potentially preventing certain digestive system diseases. While moderate exercise shows promise in symptom alleviation and risk reduction, further research is necessary to establish clear, condition-specific exercise recommendations.

Introduction: Myopia has become a significant public health problem. Traditional approaches focused on optical correction, but evidence points to the role of comprehensive intervention strategies. The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of physical activity, rehabilitation, and environmental and behavioral interventions in controlling the development and progression of myopia. Materials and Methods: Conducted study involved review of the literature using databases such as PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar. In the searching process the terms “myopia”, “physical activity”, “diet” and “rehabilitation” were used. State of knowledge: The global prevalence of myopia increased from 28.3% in 2010 to 34.0% in 2020, with a projected increase to 50% of the world's population by 2050. Risk factors include genetic and environmental predispositions. Outdoor physical activity can reduce the risk of developing myopia by about 40%. Optical interventions, such as MiSight lenses, showed a 59% reduction in the change of uncorrected spherical equivalent. Low-concentration atropine eye drops also showed promising results. Environmental factors can influence the development of myopia. Dietary and supplementary interventions show potential in modulating myopia development, although results are inconclusive. Conclusions: A comprehensive approach combining physical activity, optical and pharmacological interventions, environmental modifications, and health education appears to be a promising strategy in preventing and controlling myopia progression. Further research is needed on the mechanisms of myopia development and optimization of intervention strategies.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to present current knowledge on the role of physical activity during pregnancy in reducing postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms. PPD is a widespread mental health condition, which significantly impacts maternal and neonatal well-being. Exercises during pregnancy are recognized as a preventative strategy that promotes both physical and mental health, benefiting mothers and their children. Materials and Methods: The study involved a systematic review of the literature using databases such as PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar. Key terms included "postpartum depression", "physical activity", “baby blues” and "mental health." Articles without full-text access were excluded. State of Knowledge: Postpartum depression affects up to 15% of women, while baby blues impact around 80% shortly after childbirth. Physical activity improves emotional health by alleviating stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Evidence highlights that regular, moderate exercise during pregnancy can significantly reduce the risk of PPD, particularly in women with high-risk factors such as obesity or a history of mental health disorders. Mechanisms include hormonal regulation, endorphin release, and reduced inflammation. While light to moderate activities like walking, swimming, or yoga are beneficial, high-intensity exercise may pose risks and should be approached with caution. Conclusions: Physical activity during pregnancy is a non-pharmacological intervention, which mitigate PPD risks. Tailored, safe exercise routines, improve mental resilience and overall health in pregnant mothers. Further research is needed to refine exercise recommendations based on individual health profiles.