Schistosomiasis is a helminthic infection and one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It is caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is an important public health problem, particularly in poverty-stricken areas, especially those within the tropics and subtropics. It is estimated that at least 236 million people worldwide are infected, 90% of them in sub-Saharan Africa, and that this disease causes approximately 300,000 deaths annually. The clinical manifestations are varied and affect practically all organs. There are substantial differences in the clinical presentation, depending on the phase and clinical form of schistosomiasis in which it occurs. Schistosomiasis can remain undiagnosed for a long period of time, with secondary clinical lesion. Here, we review the clinical profile of schistosomiasis. This information may aid in the development of more efficacious treatments and improved disease prognosis.

Background: The complexity of the Chagas disease and its phases is impossible to have a unique test for both phases and a lot of different epidemiological scenarios. Currently, serology is the reference standard technique; occasionally, results are inconclusive, and a different diagnostic technique is needed. Some guidelines recommend molecular testing. A systematic review and meta-analysis of available molecular tools/techniques for the diagnosis of Chagas disease was performed to measure their heterogeneity and efficacy in detecting Trypanosoma cruzi infection in blood samples. Methods: A systematic review was conducted up to July 27, 2022, including studies published in international databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined to select eligible studies. Data were extracted and presented according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Study quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2). A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). Forest plots and a summary of the receiving operating characteristics (SROC) curves displayed the outcomes. Heterogeneity was determined by I² and Tau² statistics and P values. Funnel plots and Deek's test were used to assess publication bias. A quantitative meta-analysis of the different outcomes in the two different clinical phases was performed. Results: We identified 858 records and selected 32 papers. Studies pertained to endemic countries and nonendemic areas with adult and paediatric populations. The sample sizes ranged from 17 to 708 patients. There were no concerns regarding the risk of bias and applicability of all included studies. A positive and nonsignificant correlation coefficient (S = 0.020; P = 0.992) was obtained in the set of studies that evaluated diagnostic tests in the acute phase population (ACD). A positive and significant correlation coefficient (S = 0.597; P < 0.000) was obtained in the case of studies performed in the chronic phase population (CCD). This resulted in high heterogeneity between studies, with the master mix origin and guanidine addition representing significant sources. Interpretation/Conclusions and relevance: The results described in this meta-analysis (qualitative and quantitative analyses) do not allow the selection of the optimal protocol of molecular method for the study of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in any of its phases, among other reasons due to the complexity of this infection. Continuous analysis and optimization of the different molecular techniques is crucial to implement this efficient diagnosis in endemic areas.

The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiology and burden of Q fever (QF) in Spain. We designed a retrospective descriptive study using the minimum basic data set in patients admitted to hospitals of the National Health System between 1998 and 2015 with a diagnosis of Q fever (ICD-9: 083.0.). We found 4214 hospitalized patients with a mean age (±SD) of 50.9±19.3 years. The male/female ratio was 3:1. The incidence rate was between 0.41 and 0.65 cases per 100,000 person-years over the 18-year period. The highest incidence of cases was from March to August (p=0.024). 21.1% patients had pneumonia, 17.5% had liver disease, and only 3.2% had endocarditis. The average hospital stay was 13.8 days (±12.8). A total of 117 (2.8%) patients died. The total mean cost of QF is approximately €154,232,779 (€36,600±139,422 per patient). QF is an important zoonosis in Spain with a stable incidence rate and high cost for hospitalization. Older patients have a more severe clinical picture and higher mortality, which can be decreased with early clinical suspicion.

Objectives. To assess the influence of corticosteroid pulses on 60‐day mortality in hospitalized patients with severe COVID‐19. Methods. We designed a multicenter retrospective cohort study in three teaching hospitals of Castilla y León, Spain (865,096 people). We selected patients with confirmed COVID‐19 and lung involvement with a pO2/FiO2<300, excluding those exposed to immunosuppressors before or during hospitalization, patients terminally ill at admission, or those who died in the first 24 hours. We performed a propensity score matching (PSM) adjusting covariates that modify the probability of being treated. Then, we used a Cox regression model in the PSM group to consider factors affecting mortality. Results. From 2933 patients, 257 fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 124 patients were on corticosteroid pulses (250 mg of methylprednisolone for three days), and 133 were not. 30.3% (37/122) of patients died in the corticosteroid pulse group and 42.9% (57/133) in the nonexposed cohort. These differences (12.6%, 95% CI [8·54‐16.65]) were statically significant (log‐rank 4.72, p = 0, 03). We performed PSM using the exact method. Mortality differences remained in the PSM group (log‐rank 5.31, p = 0.021) and were still significant after a Cox regression model (HR for corticosteroid pulses 0.561; p = 0.039). Conclusions. This study provides evidence about treatment with corticosteroid pulses in severe COVID‐19 that might significantly reduce mortality. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria with that selection process set a reliable frame to compare mortality in both the exposed and nonexposed groups.

The aim of this study was to analyse the epidemiological impact of murine typhus in patients who required hospitalization in the National Health System (SNS) in Spain between 1997 and 2015. Murine typhus (MT) is a zoonosis caused by Rickettsia typhi. MT is transmitted from rats, cats, dogs and opossums to humans by their fleas. The clinical picture is characterized by headache, fever, rash and liver function alteration. The prevalence of MT is considered underestimated since most cases are mild and self-limited. However, up to 10% of patients develop serious complications such as pneumonia or acute kidney injury and may even need admission to intensive care units. This was a retrospective longitudinal descriptive study of inpatients diagnosed with Rickettsia typhi infection (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM], 081.0) in Spanish public hospitals between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2015. Data were obtained from the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS, CMBD in Spanish), which includes information about inpatients admitted to National Health System (NHS) hospitals provided by the Health Information Institute of the Ministry of Health and Equality. Ninety-nine inpatients were included. The incidence rate of MT was 0.12 (95% CI, 0.09-0.14) cases per one million person-years. Cases were irregularly distributed throughout the period of study, with a slight upward trend between 2013 and 2015. The Canary Islands had the highest incidence rate: 2.17 (95% CI, 1.69-2.64) cases per one million person-years (80 cases). Most patients were men (63.6%). The mean age (±SD) was 46.4 years (±19). Five patients were under 15 years old. Approximately 85.9% of cases involved urgent hospital admissions. The average hospital stay was 11 days (±9.9). Only 1 patient died. Although considered uncommon, the incidence of MT seems to be increasing slowly. Most cases occurred in middle-aged men between late summer and early autumn in Spain. The Canary Islands and Andalusia registered the highest number of cases. The MBDS is a good approach to study MT hospital management.