Flow cytometry is a powerful and widely used tool for the analysis of various cell populations, but its capabilities are severely limited by the need to apply correction of fluorescent signals from near or similar fluorochromes when analyzing multicolor panels. Spectral flow cytometry extends the capabilities of classical cytometry by reading the full fluorescence spectrum of fluorophores and their subsequent spectral separation. This significantly increases the number of markers analyzed in a single panel and thus allows for more in-depth studies of cell populations. In the age of big data analysis, this represents a serious advantage of spectral cytometry and can significantly increase its use in scientific and clinical practice. This review describes the principle of spectral cytometry, advantages and limitations of the method, and summarizes the newest deep immunophenotyping panels developed and validated for spectral cytometry.

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 (MODY10) is a monogenic diabetes subtype caused by heterozygous mutations in the insulin gene (INS), leading to defective proinsulin processing, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and β-cell dysfunction. Current management relies on sulfonylureas or insulin therapy, but these fail to address the underlying genetic defect. Recent research has elucidated the molecular mechanisms of MODY10, including ER stress induced by proinsulin misfolding, activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and β-cell apoptosis. Emerging therapies such as Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery to induce the glucose-responsive hepatic insulin expression, plasmid-based single-chain insulin analogs, and cell-based therapies show promise in preclinical studies. However, critical challenges remain, including immune responses to AAV vectors, incomplete correction of dominant-negative mutant effects, and the need for long-term safety data. This review summarizes current knowledge on MODY10 genetics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic innovations, while identifying key gaps for future research to enable precision medicine approaches.