Nanoherbicides are articulated by exploiting the prospective of nanotechnology for effectively delivering chemical and biological herbicides using nanomaterial‐based herbicide combinations. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction and FT-IR. On the targeted weeds, the nanoherbicides were sprayed at the third to fourth leaf stage. Six different doses were applied. The mortality and visual injury caused by both chitosan-based nanoherbicides reached 100% at the recommended dose of standard herbicide. The 5-fold lower dose exhibited weed density and maximum wheat yield and related parameters. For the same traits, the nanoherbicide at 10-fold lower dose of commercial herbicides showed a comparable influence as the suggested dose. The size of both herbicides was found to be 35–65 nm. It was observed that the clodinofop-propargyl nanoherbicide has an intense peak appearing at a 2 θ value of 29.83°, corresponding to the (176) plane of the anatase phase and NPs of fenoxaprop- P -ethyl showed an intense peak around the 2 θ value of 30.55° corresponding to the (74) plane of the anatase phase. The FT-IR spectra of fenoxaprop- P -ethyl clearly showed that the major functional groups were located in the FT-IR region between 610 and 1,840 cm ⁻¹ and the major functional ones of clodinofop propargyl were located in the FT-IR region between 640 and 1,740 cm ⁻¹ . Nanoherbicides could restore the efficacy of conventional herbicides by improving stability and reducing toxicity.

Contamination of the soil with cadmium (Cd) presents serious hazards to plant growth, ecosystem harmony, and human health. Plants have evolved various mechanisms to address Cd toxicity, such as sequestration, chelation, and antioxidant defense systems. Knowledge of these mechanisms is an important requisite for the development of strategies to relieve Cd stress in plants. More recent studies also implicate the role of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in enabling Cd mitigation behavior in plants. Beyond its well-known role in animals, serotonin has emerged as a vital signaling molecule in plants, contributing to stress responses and regulatory pathways. This review focuses on the different Cd tolerance mechanisms in plants and describes the role of serotonin in protection against Cd toxicity. Moreover, it investigates how serotonin interacts with other signaling molecules to coordinate Cd stress responses. Understanding the intricate network of Cd tolerance mechanisms and the involvement of serotonin is essential for developing effective strategies to combat Cd stress in plants and improve environmental quality.

Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm (GhazalaVillage), Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, during2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons to study the influence of the bio-fertilizer Azotobacter(without and with inoculation) and four N levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/fad.) on nitrogenuse efficiency (NUE), yield and its attributes of two bread wheat cultivars (Gemmeiza11and Misr2). Results of combined analysis revealed that Misr2 cultivar produced the highestnumber of spikes per square meter, grain and biological yields compared to Gemmeiza11 whichwas superior in plant height, spike length, spike grain weight, thousand grain weight and harvestindex, as well it was higher in NUE. Inoculating wheat grains with Azotobacter chroococcun (incommercial form Biogein) before sowing significantly increased studied traits i.e. Plant height,spike length, spike number/m2, grain weight/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain and biologicalyields/fad., and harvest index, but in contrary NUE decreased by Azotobacter inoculationduring the two seasons and their combined analysis. Results of combined analysis alsoindicated that increasing N application level up to 120 kg N/fad., significantly increased each ofplant height, spike length, spike number/m2, grain weight/ spike, grain and biological yields/fad., and decreased NUE that responded to N addition up to 80 kg N/fad. Significantinteractions between the studied factors indicated that the addition of Azotobacter increasedthe response of wheat cultivars to the increase of N level particularly. According to theresults of the interactions between cultivars and Azotobacter, cultivars and N-fertilizer levelsand between Azotobacter and N levels, wheat cultivar Misr2 should be fertilized withAzotobacter and 120 kg N/fad., to produce the highest yield. Moreover, the results showedthe significant interaction effect between bio and N fertilizer levels on NUE where theefficiency of N use was higher with Azotobacter inoculation and 80 kg N/fad., incomparison to control and 120 kg N/fad.

Article Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was published on January 1, 2023 in the journal Green Processing and Synthesis (volume 12, issue 1).