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Igor Łoniewski
Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland

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Journal article
Published: 28 April 2021 in Journal of Translational Medicine
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Background The intestinal barrier plays an important role in the defense against infections, and nutritional, endocrine, and immune functions. The gut microbiota playing an important role in development of the gastrointestinal tract can impact intestinal permeability and immunity during early life, but data concerning this problem are scarce. Methods We analyzed the microbiota in fecal samples (101 samples in total) collected longitudinally over 24 months from 21 newborns to investigate whether the markers of small intestinal paracellular permeability (zonulin) and immune system development (calprotectin) are linked to the gut microbiota. The results were validated using data from an independent cohort that included the calprotectin and gut microbiota in children during the first year of life. Results Zonulin levels tended to increase for up to 6 months after childbirth and stabilize thereafter remaining at a high level while calprotectin concentration was high after childbirth and began to decline from 6 months of life. The gut microbiota composition and the related metabolic potentials changed during the first 2 years of life and were correlated with zonulin and calprotectin levels. Faecal calprotectin correlated inversely with alpha diversity (Shannon index, r = − 0.30, FDR P (Q) = 0.039). It also correlated with seven taxa; i.a. negatively with Ruminococcaceae (r = − 0.34, Q = 0.046), and Clostridiales (r = − 0.34, Q = 0.048) and positively with Staphylococcus (r = 0.38, Q = 0.023) and Staphylococcaceae (r = 0.35, Q = 0.04), whereas zonulin correlated with 19 taxa; i.a. with Bacillales (r = − 0.52, Q = 0.0004), Clostridiales (r = 0.48, Q = 0.001) and the Ruminococcus (torques group) (r = 0.40, Q = 0.026). When time intervals were considered only changes in abundance of the Ruminococcus (torques group) were associated with changes in calprotectin (β = 2.94, SE = 0.8, Q = 0.015). The dynamics of stool calprotectin was negatively associated with changes in two MetaCyc pathways: pyruvate fermentation to butanoate (β = − 4.54, SE = 1.08, Q = 0.028) and Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation (β = − 4.48, SE = 1.16, Q = 0.026). Conclusions The small intestinal paracellular permeability, immune system-related markers and gut microbiota change dynamically during the first 2 years of life. The Ruminococcus (torques group) seems to be especially involved in controlling paracellular permeability. Staphylococcus, Staphylococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiales, may be potential biomarkers of the immune system. Despite observed correlations their clear causation and health consequences were not proven. Mechanistic studies are required. Graphic abstract

ACS Style

Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Ulrike Löber; Karolina Adamek; Dagmara Węgrzyn; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Damian Malinowski; Igor Łoniewski; Lajos Markó; Thomas Ulas; Sofia K. Forslund; Beata Łoniewska. The gut microbiota is associated with the small intestinal paracellular permeability and the development of the immune system in healthy children during the first two years of life. Journal of Translational Medicine 2021, 19, 1 -26.

AMA Style

Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Ulrike Löber, Karolina Adamek, Dagmara Węgrzyn, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Damian Malinowski, Igor Łoniewski, Lajos Markó, Thomas Ulas, Sofia K. Forslund, Beata Łoniewska. The gut microbiota is associated with the small intestinal paracellular permeability and the development of the immune system in healthy children during the first two years of life. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2021; 19 (1):1-26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Ulrike Löber; Karolina Adamek; Dagmara Węgrzyn; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Damian Malinowski; Igor Łoniewski; Lajos Markó; Thomas Ulas; Sofia K. Forslund; Beata Łoniewska. 2021. "The gut microbiota is associated with the small intestinal paracellular permeability and the development of the immune system in healthy children during the first two years of life." Journal of Translational Medicine 19, no. 1: 1-26.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2021 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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There is a huge need to search for new treatment options and potential biomarkers of therapeutic response to antidepressant treatment. Depression and metabolic syndrome often coexist, while a pathophysiological overlap, including microbiota changes, may play a role. The paper presents a study protocol that aims to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation on symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, metabolic parameters, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, as well as fecal microbiota in adult patients with depressive disorders depending on the co-occurrence of metabolic syndrome. The trial will be a four-arm, parallel-group, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled design that will include 200 participants and will last 20 weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04756544). The probiotic preparation will contain Lactobacillus helveticus Rosell®-52, Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175. We will assess the level of depression, anxiety and stress, quality of life, blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference, white blood cells count, serum levels of C-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, fecal microbiota composition and the level of some fecal microbiota metabolites, as well as serum inflammatory markers and oxidative stress parameters. The proposed trial may establish a safe and easy-to-use adjunctive treatment option in a subpopulation of depressive patients only partially responsive to pharmacologic therapy.

ACS Style

Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka; Anna Skowrońska; Aleksandra Margulska; Karolina Czarnecka-Chrebelska; Igor Łoniewski; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Dominik Strzelecki. The Influence of Probiotic Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Parameters and Fecal Microbiota in Patients with Depression Depending on Metabolic Syndrome Comorbidity—PRO-DEMET Randomized Study Protocol. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021, 10, 1342 .

AMA Style

Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka, Anna Skowrońska, Aleksandra Margulska, Karolina Czarnecka-Chrebelska, Igor Łoniewski, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Dominik Strzelecki. The Influence of Probiotic Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Parameters and Fecal Microbiota in Patients with Depression Depending on Metabolic Syndrome Comorbidity—PRO-DEMET Randomized Study Protocol. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10 (7):1342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka; Anna Skowrońska; Aleksandra Margulska; Karolina Czarnecka-Chrebelska; Igor Łoniewski; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Dominik Strzelecki. 2021. "The Influence of Probiotic Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Parameters and Fecal Microbiota in Patients with Depression Depending on Metabolic Syndrome Comorbidity—PRO-DEMET Randomized Study Protocol." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 7: 1342.

Editorial
Published: 10 March 2021 in Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
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ACS Style

Błażej Misiak; Jerzy Samochowiec; Wojciech Marlicz; Igor Łoniewski. Gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders: Better understanding or more complexity to be resolved? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2021, 110, 110302 .

AMA Style

Błażej Misiak, Jerzy Samochowiec, Wojciech Marlicz, Igor Łoniewski. Gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders: Better understanding or more complexity to be resolved? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2021; 110 ():110302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Błażej Misiak; Jerzy Samochowiec; Wojciech Marlicz; Igor Łoniewski. 2021. "Gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders: Better understanding or more complexity to be resolved?" Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 110, no. : 110302.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
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Previous studies have reported on the relationship between gut microbiota and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, there remain gaps in literature concerning the role of the intestinal barrier and microflora in the pathogenesis of depression. This study analyzes the potential causative relationship between gut microbiota and inflammatory and gut integrity markers and clinical symptoms in inpatients with depressive episodes. Sixteen inpatients (50% females) being treated with escitalopram (5–20 mg daily) in standardized conditions were included in the study. The composition of fecal microbiota was evaluated at baseline and endpoint using 16S rRNA sequencing. A significant correlation between depression severity was found, as measured with HDRS24 (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 item), and the following abundance in bacteria: positive correlation with Paraprevotella (r = 0.80, q = 0.012), strong, negative correlations with Clostridiales (r = −0.70, q = 0.016), Clostridia (r = −0.71, q = 0.026), Firmicutes (r = −0.67. q = 0.032), and the RF32 order (r = −0.70, p = 0.016) in the Alphaproteobacteria (r = −0.66, q = 0.031). After six weeks of treatment, clinical outcomes were found to have a negative correlation with levels of plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP) at the beginning of the study. Still they had a positive correlation with changes in fecal calprotectin during hospitalization. In conclusion, gut microbiota was associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. However, these findings do not serve as predictors of symptomatic improvement during antidepressant treatment in inpatient treatment for MDD. In turn, intestinal integrity and inflammation markers were associated with the response to treatment of patients with MDD and symptom severity. Additional studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings.

ACS Style

Paweł Liśkiewicz; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Błażej Misiak; Michał Wroński; Agata Bąba-Kubiś; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Wojciech Marlicz; Przemysław Bieńkowski; Agata Misera; Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka; Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur; Anna Konopka; Igor Łoniewski; Jerzy Samochowiec. Analysis of gut microbiota and intestinal integrity markers of inpatients with major depressive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2021, 106, 110076 .

AMA Style

Paweł Liśkiewicz, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Błażej Misiak, Michał Wroński, Agata Bąba-Kubiś, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Wojciech Marlicz, Przemysław Bieńkowski, Agata Misera, Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka, Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur, Anna Konopka, Igor Łoniewski, Jerzy Samochowiec. Analysis of gut microbiota and intestinal integrity markers of inpatients with major depressive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2021; 106 ():110076.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Liśkiewicz; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Błażej Misiak; Michał Wroński; Agata Bąba-Kubiś; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Wojciech Marlicz; Przemysław Bieńkowski; Agata Misera; Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka; Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur; Anna Konopka; Igor Łoniewski; Jerzy Samochowiec. 2021. "Analysis of gut microbiota and intestinal integrity markers of inpatients with major depressive disorder." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 106, no. : 110076.

Review
Published: 01 November 2020 in Nutrients
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The gut microbiota have gained much scientific attention recently. Apart from unravelling the taxonomic data, we should understand how the altered microbiota structure corresponds to functions of this complex ecosystem. The metabolites of intestinal microorganisms, especially bacteria, exert pleiotropic effects on the human organism and contribute to the host systemic balance. These molecules play key roles in regulating immune and metabolic processes. A subset of them affect the gut brain axis signaling and balance the mental wellbeing. Neurotransmitters, short chain fatty acids, tryptophan catabolites, bile acids and phosphatidylcholine, choline, serotonin, and L-carnitine metabolites possess high neuroactive potential. A scoping literature search in PubMed/Embase was conducted up until 20 June 2020, using three major search terms “microbiota metabolites” AND “gut brain axis” AND “mental health”. This review aimed to enhance our knowledge regarding the gut microbiota functional capacity, and support current and future attempts to create new compounds for future clinical interventions.

ACS Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Karolina Jakubczyk; Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz; Katarzyna Janda; Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Igor Łoniewski; And Wojciech Marlicz. Gut Biofactory—Neurocompetent Metabolites within the Gastrointestinal Tract. A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3369 .

AMA Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Karolina Jakubczyk, Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz, Katarzyna Janda, Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Igor Łoniewski, And Wojciech Marlicz. Gut Biofactory—Neurocompetent Metabolites within the Gastrointestinal Tract. A Scoping Review. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (11):3369.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Karolina Jakubczyk; Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz; Katarzyna Janda; Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Igor Łoniewski; And Wojciech Marlicz. 2020. "Gut Biofactory—Neurocompetent Metabolites within the Gastrointestinal Tract. A Scoping Review." Nutrients 12, no. 11: 3369.

Review article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
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One very promising hypothesis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) pathogenesis is the gut-brain axis (GBA) dysfunction, which can lead to subclinical inflammation, hypothalamic–pituitary (HPA) axis dysregulation, and altered neural, metabolic and endocrine pathways. One of the most important parts of GBA is gut microbiota, which was shown to regulate different functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The purpose of this scoping review was to present the current state of research on the relationship between MDD and gut microbiota and extract causal relationships. Further, we presented the relationship between the use of probiotics and antidepressants, and the microbiota changes. We evaluated the data from 27 studies aimed to investigate microbial fingerprints associated with depression phenotype. We abstracted data from 16 to 11 observational and clinical studies, respectively; the latter was divided into trials evaluating the effects of psychiatric treatment (n = 3) and probiotic intervention (n = 9) on the microbiome composition and function. In total, the data of 1187 individuals from observational studies were assessed. In clinical studies, there were 490 individuals analysed. In probiotic studies, 220 and 218 patients with MDD received the intervention and non-active study comparator, respectively. It was concluded that in MDD, the microbiota is altered. Although the mechanism of this relationship is unknown, we hypothesise that the taxonomic changes observed in patients with MDD are associated with bacterial proinflammatory activity, reduced Schort Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) production, impaired intestinal barrier integrity and neurotransmitter production, impaired carbohydrates, tryptophane and glutamate metabolic pathways. However, only in few publications this effect was confirmed by metagenomic, metabolomic analysis, or by assessment of immunological parameters or intestinal permeability markers. Future research requires standardisation process starting from patient selection, material collection, DNA sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis. We did not observe whether antidepressive medications influence on gut microbiota, but the use of psychobiotics in patients with MDD has great prospects; however, this procedure requires also standardisation and thorough mechanistic research. The microbiota should be treated as an environmental element, which considers the aetiopathogenesis of the disease and provides new possibilities for monitoring and treating patients with MDD.

ACS Style

Igor Łoniewski; Agata Misera; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka; Błażej Misiak; Wojciech Marlicz; Jerzy Samochowiec. Major Depressive Disorder and gut microbiota – Association not causation. A scoping review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2020, 106, 110111 .

AMA Style

Igor Łoniewski, Agata Misera, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Błażej Misiak, Wojciech Marlicz, Jerzy Samochowiec. Major Depressive Disorder and gut microbiota – Association not causation. A scoping review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2020; 106 ():110111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Igor Łoniewski; Agata Misera; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka; Błażej Misiak; Wojciech Marlicz; Jerzy Samochowiec. 2020. "Major Depressive Disorder and gut microbiota – Association not causation. A scoping review." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 106, no. : 110111.

Review
Published: 08 June 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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We aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of probiotic/synbiotic formulations to counteract cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in healthy people not receiving adjunctive medication. The systematic search (PubMed/MEDLINE/Embase) until 1 August 2019 was performed for randomized controlled trials in >20 adult patients. Random-effect meta-analysis subgroup and meta-regression analysis of co-primary (haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), glucose, insulin, body weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides, and blood pressure) and secondary outcomes (uric acid, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1–PAI-1, fibrinogen, and any variable related to inflammation/endothelial dysfunction). We included 61 trials (5422 persons). The mean time of probiotic administration was 67.01 ± 38.72 days. Most of probiotic strains were of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. The other strains were Streptococci, Enterococci, and Pediococci. The daily probiotic dose varied between 106 and 1010 colony-forming units (CFU)/gram. Probiotics/synbiotics counteracted CMR factors (endpoint data on BMI: standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.156, p = 0.006 and difference in means (DM) = −0.45, p = 0.00 and on WC: SMD = −0.147, p = 0.05 and DM = −1.21, p = 0.02; change scores on WC: SMD = −0.166, p = 0.04 and DM = −1.35, p = 0.03) in healthy persons. Overweight/obese healthy people might additionally benefit from reducing total cholesterol concentration (change scores on WC in overweight/obese: SMD: −0.178, p = 0.049). Poor quality of probiotic-related trials make systematic reviews and meta-analyses difficult to conduct and draw definite conclusions. “Gold standard” methodology in probiotic studies awaits further development.

ACS Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Joanna Śliwa-Dominiak; Dominika Maciejewska; Katarzyna Janda; Ewa Stachowska; Beata Łoniewska; Damian Malinowski; Krzysztof Borecki; Wojciech Marlicz; Igor Łoniewski. The Effect of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Risk Factors Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases in Healthy People—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 1788 .

AMA Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Joanna Śliwa-Dominiak, Dominika Maciejewska, Katarzyna Janda, Ewa Stachowska, Beata Łoniewska, Damian Malinowski, Krzysztof Borecki, Wojciech Marlicz, Igor Łoniewski. The Effect of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Risk Factors Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases in Healthy People—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (6):1788.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Joanna Śliwa-Dominiak; Dominika Maciejewska; Katarzyna Janda; Ewa Stachowska; Beata Łoniewska; Damian Malinowski; Krzysztof Borecki; Wojciech Marlicz; Igor Łoniewski. 2020. "The Effect of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Risk Factors Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases in Healthy People—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6: 1788.

Review
Published: 11 May 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection has been predominantly linked to respiratory distress syndrome, but gastrointestinal symptoms and hepatic injury have also been reported. The mechanism of liver injury is poorly understood and may result as a consequence of viral hepatitis, systemic inflammatory response, gut barrier and microbiome alterations, intensive care treatment or drug toxicity. The incidence of hepatopathy among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unclear, but studies have reported liver injury in patients with SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). We aimed to systematically review data on the prevalence of hepatic impairments and their clinical course in SARS and MERS Coronaviridae infections. A systematic literature search (PubMed/Embase/Cinahl/Web of Science) according to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA) was conducted from database inception until 17/03/2020 for studies that evaluated the incidence of hepatic abnormalities in SARS CoV-1, SARS CoV-2 and MERS infected patients with reported liver-related parameters. A total of forty-three studies were included. Liver anomalies were predominantly mild to moderately elevated transaminases, hypoalbuminemia and prolongation of prothrombin time. Histopathology varied between non-specific inflammation, mild steatosis, congestion and massive necrosis. More studies to elucidate the mechanism and importance of liver injury on the clinical course and prognosis in patients with novel SARS-CoV-2 infection are warranted.

ACS Style

Michał Kukla; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Katarzyna Kotfis; Dominika Maciejewska; Igor Łoniewski; Luis. F. Lara; Monika Pazgan-Simon; Ewa Stachowska; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Anastasios Koulaouzidis; Wojciech Marlicz. COVID-19, MERS and SARS with Concomitant Liver Injury—Systematic Review of the Existing Literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 1420 .

AMA Style

Michał Kukla, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Katarzyna Kotfis, Dominika Maciejewska, Igor Łoniewski, Luis. F. Lara, Monika Pazgan-Simon, Ewa Stachowska, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Anastasios Koulaouzidis, Wojciech Marlicz. COVID-19, MERS and SARS with Concomitant Liver Injury—Systematic Review of the Existing Literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (5):1420.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Kukla; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Katarzyna Kotfis; Dominika Maciejewska; Igor Łoniewski; Luis. F. Lara; Monika Pazgan-Simon; Ewa Stachowska; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Anastasios Koulaouzidis; Wojciech Marlicz. 2020. "COVID-19, MERS and SARS with Concomitant Liver Injury—Systematic Review of the Existing Literature." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5: 1420.

Review
Published: 02 April 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Immaturity in digestive-tract motor function and altered intestinal microbiome may play roles in pathogenesis of infantile colic. We assessed the impact of probiotic therapy on crying duration day, in newborns experiencing colic attacks. The PubMed, Embase, Cinnahl, Web of Science databases, and a clinical trials registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched from inception until 12/02/2020. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to derive standardized mean differences/differences in means and risk ratios. We included 16 studies, which involved 1319 newborns aged up to 6 months. Lactobacillus reuteri strain DSM17938 was administered predominantly (n = 10). Probiotic intervention reduced the duration of crying (standardized mean difference = −2.012, 95% confidence interval: −2.763 to −1.261, z = −5.25, p < 0.0001). The probability of at least a 50% reduction in crying duration was at least 1.98 times higher in the intervention group than in controls (Z = 4.80, p < 0.0001). The effects of the intervention were not significantly affected by the risk of bias assessment, percentage of breastfed infants, and duration of the study. In 11 studies, data concerning gut microbiota composition and function and/or immunological markers were given. Probiotics significantly shortened the crying duration, but a causal relationship between the modulatory effect of probiotics on microbiota and the immune system has not been confirmed.

ACS Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Katarzyna Janda; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Wojciech Marlicz; Igor Łoniewski; Beata Łoniewska. The Effect of Probiotics on Symptoms, Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers in Infantile Colic: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 999 .

AMA Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Katarzyna Janda, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Wojciech Marlicz, Igor Łoniewski, Beata Łoniewska. The Effect of Probiotics on Symptoms, Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers in Infantile Colic: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (4):999.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Katarzyna Janda; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Wojciech Marlicz; Igor Łoniewski; Beata Łoniewska. 2020. "The Effect of Probiotics on Symptoms, Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers in Infantile Colic: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4: 999.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Factors affecting the intestinal-barrier permeability of newborns, such as body mass index (BMI), nutrition and antibiotics, are assumed to affect intestinal-barrier permeability in the first two years of life. This study assessed 100 healthy, full-term newborns to 24 months old. Faecal zonulin/calprotectin concentrations were measured at 1, 6, 12, 24 months as gut-permeability markers. Zonulin concentrations increased between 1 and 12 months (medians: 114.41, 223.7 ng/mL; respectively), whereas calprotectin concentrations decreased between one and six months (medians: 149. 29, 109.28 µg/mL); both then stabilized (24 months: 256.9 ng/mL zonulin; 59.5 µg/mL calprotectin). In individual children, high levels at one month gave high levels at older ages (correlations: calprotectin: between 1 and 6 or 12 months: correlation coefficient (R) = 0.33, statistical significance (p) = 0.0095; R = 0.28, p = 0.032; zonulin: between 1 and 24 months: R = 0.32; p = 0.022, respectively). Parameters which gave marker increases: antibiotics during pregnancy (calprotectin; six months: by 80%, p = 0.038; 12 months: by 48%, p = 0.028); vaginal birth (calprotectin: 6 months: by 140%, p = 0.005); and > 5.7 pregnancy-BMI increase (zonulin: 12 months: by 74%, p = 0.049). Conclusions: “Closure of the intestines” is spread over time and begins between the sixth and twelfth month of life. Antibiotic therapy, BMI increase > 5.7 during pregnancy and vaginal birth are associated with increased intestinal permeability during the first two years of life. Stool zonulin and calprotectin concentrations were much higher compared with previous measurements at older ages; clinical interpretation and validation are needed (no health associations found).

ACS Style

Beata Łoniewska; Karolina Adamek; Dagmara Węgrzyn; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Jeremy Clark; Grażyna Adler; Joanna Tousty; Izabela Uzar; Piotr Tousty; Igor Łoniewski. Analysis of Faecal Zonulin and Calprotectin Concentrations in Healthy Children During the First Two Years of Life. An Observational Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 777 .

AMA Style

Beata Łoniewska, Karolina Adamek, Dagmara Węgrzyn, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Jeremy Clark, Grażyna Adler, Joanna Tousty, Izabela Uzar, Piotr Tousty, Igor Łoniewski. Analysis of Faecal Zonulin and Calprotectin Concentrations in Healthy Children During the First Two Years of Life. An Observational Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (3):777.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beata Łoniewska; Karolina Adamek; Dagmara Węgrzyn; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Jeremy Clark; Grażyna Adler; Joanna Tousty; Izabela Uzar; Piotr Tousty; Igor Łoniewski. 2020. "Analysis of Faecal Zonulin and Calprotectin Concentrations in Healthy Children During the First Two Years of Life. An Observational Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3: 777.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Internet forums are an attractive source of health-related information. We aimed to investigate threads in the gastroenterological section of a popular Polish medical forum for anonymous users. We characterised the following aspects in threads: the main problem of the original poster, declared ailments and rationale of the responses (rational, neutral, harmful or not related to the problem of the original poster). We analysed over 2717 forum threads initiated in the years 2010–2018. Users mostly asked for diagnosis of the problem [1814 (66.8%)], treatment [1056 (38.9%)] and diagnostic interpretation [308 (11.3%)]. The most commonly declared symptoms were abdominal pain [1046 (38.5%)], diarrhea [454 (16.7%)] and bloating [354 (13.0%)]. Alarm symptoms were mentioned in 309 (11.4%) threads. From the total 3550 responses, 1257 (35.4%) were assessed as rational, 693 (19.5%) as neutral, 157 (4.4%) as harmful and 1440 (40.6%) as not related to the user’s problem. The original poster’s declaration of blood in stool, dyspepsia, pain in the abdominal right lower quadrant, weight loss or inflammatory bowel disease was positively related to obtaining at least one potentially harmful response. Advice from anonymous users on Internet forums may be irrational and disregards alarm symptoms, which can delay the diagnosis of life-threatening diseases.

ACS Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Michał Borger; Piotr Prymas; Agnieszka Muth; Adam Stachowski; Igor Łoniewski; Wojciech Marlicz. Analysis of Answers to Queries among Anonymous Users with Gastroenterological Problems on an Internet Forum. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1042 .

AMA Style

Mikołaj Kamiński, Michał Borger, Piotr Prymas, Agnieszka Muth, Adam Stachowski, Igor Łoniewski, Wojciech Marlicz. Analysis of Answers to Queries among Anonymous Users with Gastroenterological Problems on an Internet Forum. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):1042.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Michał Borger; Piotr Prymas; Agnieszka Muth; Adam Stachowski; Igor Łoniewski; Wojciech Marlicz. 2020. "Analysis of Answers to Queries among Anonymous Users with Gastroenterological Problems on an Internet Forum." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 1042.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We aimed to rank the most common locations of pain among Google users globally and locally and analyze secular and seasonal trends in pain-related searches in the years 2004–2019. We used data generated by Google Trends (GT) to identify and analyze global interest in topics (n = 24) related to locations of pain and how these progressed over time. We analyzed secular trends and time series decomposition to identify seasonal variations. We also calculated the interest in all topics with reference to the relative search volume (RSV) of “Abdominal pain”. Google users were most commonly interested in “Headache” (1.30 [times more frequently than “Abdominal pain”]), “Abdominal pain” (1.00), and “Back pain” (0.84). “Headache” was the most frequent search term in n = 41 countries, while “Abdominal pain” was the most frequent term in n = 27 countries. The interest in all pain-related topics except “Dyspareunia” increased over time. The sharpest increase was observed for “Abdominal pain” (5.67 RSV/year), and “Toothache” (5.52 RSV/year). Most of the topics revealed seasonal variations. Among pain-related topics, “Headache,” “Abdominal pain,” and “Back pain” interested most Google users. GT is a novel tool that allows retrospective investigation of complaints among Internet users.

ACS Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Igor Łoniewski; Wojciech Marlicz. “Dr. Google, I am in Pain”—Global Internet Searches Associated with Pain: A Retrospective Analysis of Google Trends Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 954 .

AMA Style

Mikołaj Kamiński, Igor Łoniewski, Wojciech Marlicz. “Dr. Google, I am in Pain”—Global Internet Searches Associated with Pain: A Retrospective Analysis of Google Trends Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):954.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Igor Łoniewski; Wojciech Marlicz. 2020. "“Dr. Google, I am in Pain”—Global Internet Searches Associated with Pain: A Retrospective Analysis of Google Trends Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 954.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The internet is becoming the main source of health-related information. We aimed to investigate data regarding heartburn-related searches made by Google users from Australia, Canada, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We retrospectively analyzed data from Google Ads Keywords Planner. We extracted search volumes of keywords associated with “heartburn” for June 2015 to May 2019. The data were generated in the respective primary language. The number of searches per 1,000 Google-user years was as follows: 177.4 (Australia), 178.1 (Canada), 123.8 (Germany), 199.7 (Poland), 152.5 (United Kingdom), and 194.5 (United States). The users were particularly interested in treatment (19.0 to 41.3%), diet (4.8 to 10.7%), symptoms (2.6 to 13.1%), and causes (3.7 to 10.0%). In all countries except Germany, the number of heartburn-related queries significantly increased over the analyzed period. For Canada, Germany, Poland, and the United Kingdom, query numbers were significantly lowest in summer; there was no significant seasonal trend for Australia and the United States. The number of heartburn-related queries has increased over the past four years, and a seasonal pattern may exist in certain regions. The trends in heartburn-related searches may reflect the scale of the complaint, and should be verified through future epidemiological studies.

ACS Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Igor Łoniewski; Agata Misera; Wojciech Marlicz. Heartburn-Related Internet Searches and Trends of Interest across Six Western Countries: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis Using Google Ads Keyword Planner. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4591 .

AMA Style

Mikołaj Kamiński, Igor Łoniewski, Agata Misera, Wojciech Marlicz. Heartburn-Related Internet Searches and Trends of Interest across Six Western Countries: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis Using Google Ads Keyword Planner. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (23):4591.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Igor Łoniewski; Agata Misera; Wojciech Marlicz. 2019. "Heartburn-Related Internet Searches and Trends of Interest across Six Western Countries: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis Using Google Ads Keyword Planner." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4591.

Erratum
Published: 22 October 2019 in Antibiotics
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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page. 1

ACS Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Igor Łoniewski; Wojciech Marlicz. Erratum: Kamiński, M., Łoniewski, I., Marlicz, W. Global Internet Data on the Interest in Antibiotics and Probiotics Generated by Google Trends. Antibiotics 2019, 8(3), 147. Antibiotics 2019, 8, 190 .

AMA Style

Mikołaj Kamiński, Igor Łoniewski, Wojciech Marlicz. Erratum: Kamiński, M., Łoniewski, I., Marlicz, W. Global Internet Data on the Interest in Antibiotics and Probiotics Generated by Google Trends. Antibiotics 2019, 8(3), 147. Antibiotics. 2019; 8 (4):190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Igor Łoniewski; Wojciech Marlicz. 2019. "Erratum: Kamiński, M., Łoniewski, I., Marlicz, W. Global Internet Data on the Interest in Antibiotics and Probiotics Generated by Google Trends. Antibiotics 2019, 8(3), 147." Antibiotics 8, no. 4: 190.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2019 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Accumulating evidence indicates the potential effect of microbiota on the pathogenesis and course of schizophrenia. However, the effects of olanzapine, second-generation antipsychotics, on gut microbiota have not been investigated in humans. This study aimed to analyze fecal microbiota in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine during six weeks of their hospital stay. After a seven-day washout from all psychotropic medications, microbiota compositions were evaluated at baseline and after six weeks of hospitalization using 16S rRNA sequencing. The study was conducted in 20 inpatients, who followed the same hospital routine and received 5–20 mg daily doses of olanzapine. Olanzapine treatment was associated with clinical improvements in all patients and significant increases in body mass index in females, but not changes in gut microbiota compositions and predicted function. The severity of symptoms at the beginning of treatment varied in accordance with the predicted metabolic activity of the bacteria. The present findings indicate that the microbiota of schizophrenia patients is highly individual and has different taxonomical (Type 1, with a predominance of Prevotella, and Type 2 with a higher abundance of Bacteroides, Blautia and Clostridium) and functional clusters, and it does not change following six weeks of olanzapine therapy; in addition, the microbiota is not associated with either the weight gain observed in women or the effectiveness of olanzapine therapy.

ACS Style

Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Agata Bąba-Kubiś; Paweł Liśkiewicz; Michał Wroński; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Wojciech Marlicz; Błażej Misiak; Teresa Starzyńska; Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur; Igor Łoniewski; Jerzy Samochowiec. Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolic Potential in Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Olanzapine: Results from a Six-Week Observational Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019, 8, 1605 .

AMA Style

Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Agata Bąba-Kubiś, Paweł Liśkiewicz, Michał Wroński, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Wojciech Marlicz, Błażej Misiak, Teresa Starzyńska, Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur, Igor Łoniewski, Jerzy Samochowiec. Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolic Potential in Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Olanzapine: Results from a Six-Week Observational Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8 (10):1605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Agata Bąba-Kubiś; Paweł Liśkiewicz; Michał Wroński; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Wojciech Marlicz; Błażej Misiak; Teresa Starzyńska; Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur; Igor Łoniewski; Jerzy Samochowiec. 2019. "Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolic Potential in Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Olanzapine: Results from a Six-Week Observational Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10: 1605.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2019 in Antibiotics
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Data from the Google search engine enables the assessment of Google users’ interest in a specific topic. We analyzed the world trends in searches associated with the topics “antibiotics” and “probiotics” from January 2004 to June 2019, using Google Trends. We analyzed the yearly trends and seasonal variation. We performed an R-Spearman rank correlation analysis of the relative search volume (RSV) of the topics in 2015 with antibiotic consumption, health expenditure per capita, and the 2015 Human Development Index (HDI) of the country. The mean interest in the topic of antibiotics was equal to RSV = 57.5 ± 17.9, rising by 3.7 RSV/year (6.5%/year), while that of probiotics was RSV = 14.1 ± 7.9, which rose by 1.7 RSV/year (12.1%). The seasonal amplitude of antibiotics was equal to RSV = 9.8, while probiotics was RSV = 2.7. The seasonal peaks for both topics were observed in the cold months. The RSV of probiotics, but not antibiotics, was associated with antibiotic consumption (Rs = 0.35; p < 0.01), health expenditure (Rs = 0.41; p < 0.001), and HDI (Rs = 0.44; p < 0.001). Google users’ interest in antibiotic- and probiotic-related information increases from year to year, and peaks in cold months. The interest in probiotic-related information might be associated with antibiotic consumption, health expenditure, and the development status of the Google users’ country.

ACS Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Igor Łoniewski; Wojciech Marlicz. Global Internet Data on the Interest in Antibiotics and Probiotics Generated by Google Trends. Antibiotics 2019, 8, 147 .

AMA Style

Mikołaj Kamiński, Igor Łoniewski, Wojciech Marlicz. Global Internet Data on the Interest in Antibiotics and Probiotics Generated by Google Trends. Antibiotics. 2019; 8 (3):147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mikołaj Kamiński; Igor Łoniewski; Wojciech Marlicz. 2019. "Global Internet Data on the Interest in Antibiotics and Probiotics Generated by Google Trends." Antibiotics 8, no. 3: 147.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2019 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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It can be hypothetically assumed that maternal and perinatal factors influence the intestinal barrier. The study was conducted with 100 healthy, full-term newborns breastfed in the first week of life, with similar analyses for their mothers. Zonulin and calprotectin levels were used as intestinal permeability markers. The median (range) zonulin concentrations (ng/mL) were in mothers: serum, 21.39 (6.39⁻57.54); stool, 82.23 (42.52⁻225.74); and newborns: serum cord blood, 11.14 (5.82⁻52.34); meconium, 54.15 (1.36⁻700.65); and stool at age seven days, 114.41 (29.38⁻593.72). Calprotectin median (range) concentrations (µg/mL) in mothers were: stool, 74.79 (3.89⁻211.77); and newborns: meconium, 154.76 (6.93⁻8884.11); and stool at age seven days 139.12 (11.89⁻627.35). The use of antibiotics during pregnancy resulted in higher zonulin concentrations in umbilical-cord serum and calprotectin concentrations in newborn stool at seven days, while antibiotic therapy during labour resulted in higher zonulin concentrations in the stool of newborns at seven days. Zonulin concentrations in the stool of newborns (at seven days) who were born via caesarean section were higher compared to with vaginal birth. With further analyses, caesarean section was found to have a greater effect on zonulin concentrations than prophylactic administration of antibiotics in the perinatal period. Pregnancy mass gain >18 kg was associated with higher calprotectin concentrations in maternal stool. Body Mass Index (BMI) increase >5.7 during pregnancy was associated with decreased zonulin concentrations in maternal stool and increased calprotectin concentrations in stool of mothers and newborns at seven days. There was also a negative correlation between higher BMI increase in pregnancy and maternal zonulin stool concentrations and a positive correlation between BMI increase in pregnancy and maternal calprotectin stool concentrations. Maternal-foetal factors such as caesarean section, antibiotic therapy during pregnancy, as well as change in mother's BMI during pregnancy may increase intestinal permeability in newborns. Changes in body mass during pregnancy can also affect intestinal permeability in mothers. However, health consequences associated with increased intestinal permeability during the first days of life are unknown. Additionally, before the zonulin and calprotectin tests can be adopted as universal diagnostic applications to assess increased intestinal permeability, validation of these tests is necessary.

ACS Style

Beata Łoniewska; Dagmara Węgrzyn; Karolina Adamek; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Grażyna Adler; Agata Jankowska; Izabela Uzar; Agnieszka Kordek; Marta Celewicz; Igor Łoniewski. The Influence of Maternal-Foetal Parameters on Concentrations of Zonulin and Calprotectin in the Blood and Stool of Healthy Newborns during the First Seven Days of Life. An Observational Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019, 8, 473 .

AMA Style

Beata Łoniewska, Dagmara Węgrzyn, Karolina Adamek, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Grażyna Adler, Agata Jankowska, Izabela Uzar, Agnieszka Kordek, Marta Celewicz, Igor Łoniewski. The Influence of Maternal-Foetal Parameters on Concentrations of Zonulin and Calprotectin in the Blood and Stool of Healthy Newborns during the First Seven Days of Life. An Observational Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8 (4):473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beata Łoniewska; Dagmara Węgrzyn; Karolina Adamek; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Grażyna Adler; Agata Jankowska; Izabela Uzar; Agnieszka Kordek; Marta Celewicz; Igor Łoniewski. 2019. "The Influence of Maternal-Foetal Parameters on Concentrations of Zonulin and Calprotectin in the Blood and Stool of Healthy Newborns during the First Seven Days of Life. An Observational Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 4: 473.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Rationale: There is a worldwide prevalence of generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders (MDD). Gut–brain axis dysfunction, antibacterial activity, and modulatory effects of antidepressants toward intestinal bacteria have been shown both in vitro and in vivo. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of hospital stay, including escitalopram administration, on gut microbiota in patients with depressive episodes. Methods: After admission to the hospital and 7-days washout from all medications the composition of fecal microbiota samples was evaluated at baseline (W0) and after 6 weeks (W6), using 16S rRNA sequencing. The study was conducted on 17 inpatients (52.9% females), who followed the same daily hospital routine, including a standard diet and received 5–20 mg daily doses of escitalopram. Results: At the end of treatment (W6), no change was observed in the Chao1 index. However, Shannon (median (Q1–Q3): W0 2.78 (2.67–3.02) vs. W6 3.11 (2.80–3.30)), and inverse Simpson (median (Q1–Q3): W0 9.26 (7.26–13.76) vs. W6 12.13 (9.17–15.73)) indices increased significantly compared to baseline values (False Discovery Rate p (q) = 0.031 and q = 0.011, respectively). We also found that between-subject W0 Bray–Curtis dissimilarities were significantly higher than W0–W6 within-subject dissimilarities (median (Q1–Q3): 0.68 (0.56–0.77) vs. 0.38 (0.35–0.52), two sided Mann–Whitney test p < 0.00001. The within-subject dissimilarities did not depend on sex, age, BMI, illness duration and a daily dose of escitalopram. No significant differences between taxa levels, at the studied time points, were observed when adjusted for multiple hypotheses testing procedures. Conclusions: We conclude that a six-week treatment in a psychiatric hospital setting resulted in increased alpha biodiversity in fecal microbiota, however its causal relationship with patients’ mental health was not proved. We have also found that individual microbiome stability was not affected by hospitalization.

ACS Style

Paweł Liśkiewicz; Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Igor Łoniewski; Michał Wroński; Agata Bąba-Kubiś; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Wojciech Marlicz; Błażej Misiak; Jerzy Samochowiec. Fecal Microbiota Analysis in Patients Going through a Depressive Episode during Treatment in a Psychiatric Hospital Setting. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019, 8, 164 .

AMA Style

Paweł Liśkiewicz, Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Igor Łoniewski, Michał Wroński, Agata Bąba-Kubiś, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Wojciech Marlicz, Błażej Misiak, Jerzy Samochowiec. Fecal Microbiota Analysis in Patients Going through a Depressive Episode during Treatment in a Psychiatric Hospital Setting. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8 (2):164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Liśkiewicz; Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Igor Łoniewski; Michał Wroński; Agata Bąba-Kubiś; Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Wojciech Marlicz; Błażej Misiak; Jerzy Samochowiec. 2019. "Fecal Microbiota Analysis in Patients Going through a Depressive Episode during Treatment in a Psychiatric Hospital Setting." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 2: 164.

Review
Published: 16 December 2018 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Intestinal microbiota play an important role in the pathogenesis of surgical site infections (SSIs) and other surgery-related complications (SRCs). Probiotics and synbiotics were found to lower the risk of surgical infections and other surgery-related adverse events. We systematically reviewed the approach based on the administration of probiotics and synbiotics to diminish SSIs/SRCs rates in patients undergoing various surgical treatments and to determine the mechanisms responsible for their effectiveness. A systematic literature search in PubMed/MEDLINE/Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from the inception of databases to June 2018 for trials in patients undergoing surgery supplemented with pre/pro/synbiotics and randomized to the intervention versus placebo/no treatment and reporting on primarily: (i) putative mechanisms of probiotic/symbiotic action, and secondarily (ii) SSIs and SRCs outcomes. Random-effect model meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of outcomes was done. Thirty-five trials comprising 3028 adult patients were included; interventions were probiotics (n = 16) and synbiotics (n = 19 trials). We found that C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly decreased (SMD: −0.40, 95% CI [−0.79, −0.02], p = 0.041; SMD: −0.41, 95% CI [−0.70, −0.02], p = 0.006, respectively) while concentration of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids were elevated in patients supplemented with probiotics (SMD: 1.78, 95% CI [0.80, 2.76], p = 0.0004; SMD: 0.67, 95% CI [0.37, −0.97], p = 0.00001; SMD: 0.46, 95% CI [0.18, 0.73], p = 0.001, respectively). Meta-analysis confirmed that pro- and synbiotics supplementation was associated with significant reduction in the incidence of SRCs including abdominal distention, diarrhea, pneumonia, sepsis, surgery site infection (including superficial incisional), and urinary tract infection, as well as the duration of antibiotic therapy, duration of postoperative pyrexia, time of fluid introduction, solid diet, and duration of hospital stay (p < 0.05). Probiotics and synbiotics administration counteract SSIs/SRCs via modulating gut-immune response and production of short chain fatty acids.

ACS Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Igor Łoniewski; Luis F. Lara; Anastasios Koulaouzidis; Agata Misera; Dominika Maciejewska; Wojciech Marlicz. A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Evaluating the Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and Synbiotics in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections and Surgery-Related Complications. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2018, 7, 556 .

AMA Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Igor Łoniewski, Luis F. Lara, Anastasios Koulaouzidis, Agata Misera, Dominika Maciejewska, Wojciech Marlicz. A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Evaluating the Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and Synbiotics in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections and Surgery-Related Complications. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7 (12):556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Igor Łoniewski; Luis F. Lara; Anastasios Koulaouzidis; Agata Misera; Dominika Maciejewska; Wojciech Marlicz. 2018. "A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Evaluating the Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and Synbiotics in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections and Surgery-Related Complications." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 12: 556.

Journal article
Published: 07 December 2018 in Nutrients
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Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) being produced during fermentation of non-digestible polysaccharides are regulatory compounds with the potential to influence inflammatory, as well as emotional state and cognition through the gut–brain axis. We analyzed the association between stool concentration of SCFAs (acetic acid (C 2:0), propionic acid (C 3:0), isobutyric acid (C 4:0 i), butyric acid (C 4:0 n), isovaleric acid (C 5:0 i) valeric acid (C 5:0 n), isocaproic acid (C 6:0 i), caproic acid, and (C 6:0 n) heptanoic acid (C 7:0)) and depressive symptoms among women and looked for the potential confounders of microbiota byproduct synthesis. We enrolled 116 women aged 52.0 ± 4.7 years and recognized depression in 47 (40.52%). To analyze the emotional state, Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) was used. We assessed SCFAs content by means of gas chromatography. Fiber intake was estimated using parts of food frequency questionnaire. The content of acetic acid was significantly lowered compared to non-depressed women (median {IQR}: 29.49 {20.81} vs. 34.99 {19.55}, p = 0.04). A tendency toward decreased level of propionic acid was noticed (median {IQR}: 16.88 {9.73} vs. 21.64 {12.17}, p = 0.07), while the concentration of isocaproic acid was significantly increased in (median {IQR}: 0.89 {1.15} vs. 0.56 {0.95}, p < 0.01) comparison to matched healthy subjects. We found negative correlations between acetate, propionate, and Beck’s score (r = −0.2, p = 0.03; r = −0.21, p = 0.02, respectively). Statistically significant correlations between acetate and propionate and BDI somatic score (r = −0.21, p = 0.01; r = −0.17, p = 0.03), as well as correlations regarding isocaproic and both cognitive/affective (r = 0.37, p = 0.0001) and somatic (r = 9.37, p < 0.001) scores were found. Women who declared current usage of lipid-lowering and thyroid drugs in the past, had higher content of C6:0-i (Users; median {IQR}: 1.91 {3.62} vs. non-users; 0.55 {0.67}; p = 0.0048).and lower of C2:0 (Users; median {IQR}: 23.07 {12.80} vs. non users 33.73 {21.44}; p = 0.041), respectively. No correlations regarding SCFAs concentration and fiber intake were found. We concluded that SCFAs may potentially contribute to depression phenotype, however, due to the small size of groups suffering from moderately heavy (n = 5) and severe (n = 7) depression, the conclusion should be treated with caution. Pharmacotherapy of hyperlipidemia and thyroid disease might affect SCFAs synthesis. Studies with more participants are required.

ACS Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Elżbieta Grochans; Dominika Maciejewska; Małgorzata Szkup; Daria Schneider-Matyka; Anna Jurczak; Igor Łoniewski; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Wojciech Marlicz; Maja Czerwińska-Rogowska; Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka; Karolina Dec; Ewa Stachowska. Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids Profile is Changed in Polish Depressive Women. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1939 .

AMA Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Elżbieta Grochans, Dominika Maciejewska, Małgorzata Szkup, Daria Schneider-Matyka, Anna Jurczak, Igor Łoniewski, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Wojciech Marlicz, Maja Czerwińska-Rogowska, Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka, Karolina Dec, Ewa Stachowska. Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids Profile is Changed in Polish Depressive Women. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (12):1939.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka; Elżbieta Grochans; Dominika Maciejewska; Małgorzata Szkup; Daria Schneider-Matyka; Anna Jurczak; Igor Łoniewski; Mariusz Kaczmarczyk; Wojciech Marlicz; Maja Czerwińska-Rogowska; Justyna Pełka-Wysiecka; Karolina Dec; Ewa Stachowska. 2018. "Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids Profile is Changed in Polish Depressive Women." Nutrients 10, no. 12: 1939.