Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), formed by the self-assembly of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, have attracted considerable attention due to their well-exposed active sites, exceptionally high porosity, and diversified pore architectures. MOF-derived materials obtained through high-temperature pyrolysis or composite structural design not only inherit the porous framework advantages of their precursors but also demonstrate significantly enhanced electrical conductivity and structural stability via the formation of carbon-based frameworks and in situ transformation of metallic species. However, conventional MOF-derived materials struggle to address persistent technical challenges in contemporary energy storage systems, particularly those requiring ultralong cycling stability and ultrahigh-rate capability under practical operating conditions. The integration of MXene, characterized by its abundant surface functional groups (-O, -OH, -F) and exceptional electrical conductivity, with MOF-derived materials presents a viable strategy to address these challenges. Multidimensional nanocomposites constructed through in situ growth and self-assembly techniques synergistically integrate MXene’s conductive network scaffolding effect with the structural tunability of MOF-derived frameworks. This unique architecture enables the following: (i) enhanced exposure of electroactive sites, (ii) optimized ion diffusion kinetics, (iii) mechanical integrity maintenance, collectively boosting the applicability of MXene/MOF hybrids in advanced energy storage systems. This review summarizes the synthesis methods, energy storage performance, and applications of multidimensional nanostructured MXene/MOF-derived composites. Finally, it discusses the opportunities and challenges for MXene/MOF-derived composites in future energy storage applications.