Introduction: Medication-related errors place a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems worldwide, and mistakes are most likely to occur at the stage of prescribing. Junior doctors are more likely to make prescribing errors, and medical graduates also lack confidence and preparedness towards prescribing. Thus, this review aimed to evaluate the existing educational approaches to improve pharmacological knowledge and prescribing skills among medical students. Methods: CENTRAL, CINAHL, ERIC, Ovid Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched with keywords related to “pharmacological knowledge”, “prescribing skills”, “educational interventions” for articles published since 2016. Results: 3595 records were identified, and 115 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Eighty full-text articles were eligible and included in this review. Thirty-seven studies focused on improving prescribing skills, whilst 43 targeted pharmacological knowledge. A broad range of interventions was implemented, including e-learning, case-based, interprofessional, and experiential learning. Pharmacological knowledge and prescribing skills were measured in various ways, and all studies reported one or more positive findings at Kirkpatrick level 1 or 2. No study reported outcomes at Kirkpatrick levels 3 and 4. Discussion: The World Health Organisation’s Good Guide to Prescribing was the foundation of the development of prescribing educational interventions. Emerging interventions such as experiential and interprofessional learning should be incorporated into the prescribing curriculum. Innovative approaches such as game-based learning can be considered for clinical pharmacology teaching. However, there was a lack of outcomes at Kirkpatrick levels 3 and 4. Robust methodology and reliable outcome measures are also needed in future studies.

Objective: To provide a comprehensive review and analysis of guidelines from various professional and medical organisations regarding the use of prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) as a staging scan for men with newly diagnosed intermediate‐risk prostate cancer (PCa).Materials and Methods: English‐language guidelines and recommendations from the following associations and societies were reviewed and critically analysed: European Association of Urology (EAU), American Urological Association (AUA), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Canadian Urological Association (CUA), American Society for Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Society for Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging (SNMMI).Results: There is significant disagreement among guidelines regarding whether PSMA PET is a useful staging tool for men with a new diagnosis of intermediate‐risk PCa. There is a stronger consensus that PSMA PET is useful in staging high‐risk PCa.Conclusion: Whilst there is a growing body of evidence that supports the use of PSMA PET in newly diagnosed PCa, there is significant disagreement regarding its use for men with intermediate‐risk disease. Recommendations are generally weak and based on expert opinions. This is an area of considerable ongoing research, and guidelines are likely to change as new evidence emerges.

Background/Objectives: Since the proPSMA trial, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) scan has primarily replaced conventional imaging for staging newly diagnosed prostate cancer. The objective of this commentary is to summarise the existing literature on the role of PSMA PET in staging favourable intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Methods: A literature search was conducted on Embase and Ovid MEDLINE, and three retrospective cohort studies were identified. Results: Overall, these studies demonstrated a low prevalence of nodal and distant metastases, as well as modest diagnostic performance of PSMA positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) in this patient group. Additionally, PSMA PET did not significantly outperform existing nomograms in predicting lymph node involvement. Conclusions: Given its limited sensitivity, low yield, and cost, the routine use of PSMA PET-CT in favourable intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients is not recommended. Further prospective studies and cost-effectiveness analyses are warranted to clarify its role in this population.

Introduction: Rib fractures are a common consequence of trauma, often necessitating surgical stabilization for improved outcomes. Mackay Base Hospital (MBH) serves as a regional center for managing trauma cases, including rib fractures. Despite logistical challenges, MBH strives to provide optimal care for patients requiring surgical stabilization of rib fracture (SSRF). This article aims to provide insight into SSRF practices at MBH. Case Series: A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing SSRF at MBH from January 2021 to June 2022 was conducted. Five SSRF procedures were performed, with a mean patient age of 56 years and a predominance of male patients. Postoperatively, extubation occurred within 48 hours in most cases. One morbidity and one mortality were reported, both unrelated to surgical complications. Conclusion: Despite logistical and resource-related challenges, MBH demonstrated successful implementation of SSRF. Structured upskilling, multidisciplinary coordination, and investment in local capabilities suggest that regional centers can deliver safe and effective SSRF care.