Background: In patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), the duodenum is another high-risk region for malignancy after the large bowel. However, endoscopic and surgical management differs for papillary lesions and adenomas located in other parts of the duodenum. The aim of the study was to present the principles of the endoscopic surveillance of extrapapillary polyps based on a single-center 14-year observational study. Methods: The retrospective analysis was carried out in 2010–24 on a group of 45 people enrolled in endoscopic surveillance of the upper gastrointestinal tract due to FAP. The evaluation was aimed at detecting the malignant transformation of extrapapillary duodenal adenomas, with a radical removal of high-risk lesions. The severity of polyposis in the subsequent years of observation as well as the effectiveness of routine polypectomy on downstaging according to the Spiegelmann score were also assessed. Results: Invasive duodenal cancer was not detected in any case; however, high-grade dysplasia (HGD) was confirmed in five patients. The severity of polyposis and the number of polyps with HGD increased in following examinations, but routine polypectomy performed mainly during the 4th and 5th endoscopies allowed for a transient decrease in the Spiegelman score. Finally, progression of duodenal polyposis was observed in 18 patients, another 4 experienced regression (downstaging) and in 23 cases the stage of severity did not change. In addition, five patients were diagnosed with LST-G lesions, which were removed without recurrence. Conclusions: The patient’s age correlates with the severity of polyposis and the risk of malignancy, but routine endoscopic resections eliminate potentially invasive lesions and contribute to disease regression expressed by the Spiegelmann score. The radical endoscopic therapy of extrapapillary duodenal lesions limits the indications for surgical procedures.

Introduction: Obesity and overweight are among the main health issues affecting the child population in developed countries today. Excess body weight is observed in 29.7% of boys and 14.3% of girls aged 11 to 16 years. Studies reveal that childhood overweight increases the odds of having mental disorders in adolescence compared to children with a normal body weight. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to analyse the available literature in order to examine the impact of childhood obesity on mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, eating disorders and schizophrenia, Materials and methods: Comprehensive review of the literature available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus database by searching the keywords “obesity”, “overweight”, “ mental health”, “childhood”, “mood disorders” “psychiatric disorders”, “anxiety”, “depression”, “eating disorders”, “ADHD” Results and conclusion: Childhood obesity is a growing global problem with physical and health consequences. It is associated with various factors such as social stigma, neurological imbalances or malfunction and other environmental factors related to obesity. It contributes to the growth of depression, ADHD, anxiety, eating disorders, OCD and even schizophrenia. Preventing and treating obese or overweight children have to be done, by affecting both physical and mental health.

​​Introduction and aim: Physical activity is one of the key components of human life, essential for maintaining health. Racket sports, which emphasize endurance and coordination while engaging a larger number of participants, are increasing in popularity. The aim of this work is to analyze the impact of racket sports on human health in comparison to individual sports. Materials and methods: The analysis is based on a thorough review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2006 and 2025, ensuring the inclusion of the most up-to-date insights. Knowledge was sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus using the advanced search with terms „racket sports” with „and” and „health”, ultimately returning 2769 results. Results and conclusion: Racket sports offer significant health benefits, including improved cardiovascular function and musculoskeletal health, while also promoting mental well-being and social engagement. The interactive nature empowers social connections which are crucial for mental health, particularly preventing loneliness and depression. While the risk of injury exists, preventive measures may ensure continued benefits of these sports, making them an excellent choice for promoting health and longevity.

Background/Objectives: Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a scarring alopecia with an unclear aetiology, primarily affecting postmenopausal women. This study aims to identify potential risk factors contributing to FFA development and progression, as well as provide a clinical profile to aid in the differential diagnosis. Methods: The study included 19 women diagnosed with FFA. The participants completed a 20-question survey based on a literature review of potential risk factors. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the associations between patient characteristics and FFA. Results: All patients were female and their mean age was 60.58 years (SD = 12.81). In 63.1% of the cases, FFA onset occurred postmenopause, with a mean latency of 8.17 years. In the majority of cases, the diagnostic delay exceeded five years. The average menarche age was 13.68 years (SD = 2.06), whereas late menarche (≥15 years) was found in two subjects. A history of reproductive organ or breast malignancy was reported by 42.1% of the patients, which frequently required surgery. Most subjects did not receive hormone replacement therapy, or hormonal contraception. The most prevalent comorbidity was hypothyroidism (89.47%). Although smoking was rare among the subjects, hair colouring was quite common, yet no participant underwent scalp aesthetic procedures. In 47.4% of cases, scalp itching or pain was present. Sunscreens were frequently used, mostly on a daily or seasonal basis. Conclusions: FFA predominantly affects women in their early 60s, often following the menopause. In our study, a tendency toward an early menopause and an above-average menarche age of the subjects was observed. In the analysed group, only reproductive and breast cancers were reported, which requires further investigation. Frequent β-blocker use, second only to levothyroxine, may suggest that they play a role in FFA pathogenesis. Itching and pain of the scalp may contribute to the correct diagnosis, although these symptoms are not universal. Moreover, sunscreens were indicated as a potential trigger, yet avoiding them should not be routinely recommended due to the risk of carcinogenesis. The variability in the diagnostic delay emphasises the need for increasing clinician awareness and conducting further research.

Background: Infertility affects millions worldwide and has profound mental health consequences, particularly for women. Depression is among the most common psychological challenges faced by this population. This review aims to explore the prevalence, risk factors, and underlying mechanisms linking infertility and depression, as well as assess current strategies for mental health care in this group.Material and Methods: A search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar using terms such as "infertility," "depression," "suicide," and "treatment." Inclusion criteria focused on studies published between 2014 and 2024 involving infertile women, while studies on men, animal research, or those with insufficient methodological rigor were excluded.Results: The prevalence of depression in infertile women ranged widely, from 12.2% to 86.8%, with higher rates observed in low- and middle-income countries. Infertile women are 1.4 times more likely to experience depression than fertile women, with significant contributing factors including socioeconomic status, education, cultural stigma, and hormonal dysregulation. Chronic conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis further increase the risk. Psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness approaches, showed modest efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms, while data on pharmacological treatments remain limited and inconclusive.Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need for mental health screening and multidisciplinary care for infertile women. Future research should prioritize understanding the interplay between infertility and depression, improving treatment strategies, and addressing gaps in care to enhance quality of life and reproductive outcomes.

Introduction: Irritable Bowel Syndrome is one of the most popular diseases among the gastrointestinal difficulties. The main problem is lower quality of life because of troublesome symptoms of the disease. Aim of the study: This review seeks to consolidate the current understanding of IBS, emphasizing the prevalence of this condition and the persistent challenges in achieving a definitive understanding, even after decades of research. The primary objective is to highlight contemporary approaches to patient care, revisiting both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies. Materials and methods: The analysis is based on a thorough review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025, ensuring the inclusion of the most up-to-date insights. Knowledge was sourced from PubMed using the advanced search with terms „irritable bowel syndrome” with „or” and „IBS”, ultimately returning 1,228 results. Results and conclusion: The findings underscore the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach involving a team of specialists to provide comprehensive care. Additionally, a crucial factor is the patient's diet and overall well-being, which play a pivotal role in determining the progression and course of the condition. Furthermore, a clear conclusion has been established that, the psychological dimension—integral to both the disease and its management—emerges as a critical factor that warrants careful consideration and should not be underestimated.