Particle separation and sorting techniques based on microfluidics have found extensive applications and are increasingly gaining prominence. This research presents the design and fabrication of a microfluidic device for separating cells using deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), enabling accuracy and continuity while being size-based. Nevertheless, it remains demanding, to completely reverse the detrimental effects of the boundaries that disturb the fluidic flow in the channel and reduce particle separation efficiency. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the boundary structure of channels. By using this design, separation efficiency is boosted, and the fluid behavior around the walls is improved. The boundary correction (BC) enhances the operation of the microchannel and is very effective in microchannels. With boundary correction, the device exhibited improved separation efficiencies, but in its absence, separation efficiencies dropped. The collected microscopic images of the isolation of prostate cancer cell lines and red blood cells revealed promising outcomes. The efficiency of circulating tumor cell (CTC) throughput in the microfluidic channel, quantified as the ratio or proportion of tumor cells exiting the channel to cells entering it, exceeds 93%. Moreover, the efficiency of CTC isolation, expressed as the proportion of tumor cells from the upper outlet of the microfluidic channel to all cells, is over 89%. Additionally, the efficiency of red blood cell isolation, evaluated as the ratio of red blood cells from the lower outlet of the microfluidic channel to all cells, surpasses 77%. While using the same DLD separator without boundary correction reduced the separation efficiency by around 5%.

Quercetin is a plant flavonoid that has been recognized to have anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and anti‐proliferative activities. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of quercetin against prostate malignancy in vitro and the underlying resistance mechanism. IC₅₀ values of quercetin were determined by MTT assay. Annexin‐V/PI staining was used to measure the rate of apoptosis. DNA cell cycle was analysed by PI staining method. Real‐time PCR was performed to assess mRNA levels of OPN isoforms, VEGF isoforms, P53 and KLK2. Migration potential, proliferative capability and nucleus morphology of cells were evaluated by the scratch‐wound assay, colony‐forming assay and Hoechst staining, respectively. Quercetin significantly increased the apoptosis rate of PC‐3 and LNCaP cell lines, arrested the cell cycle at the sub‐G1/G1 phase, and reduced the migration potential and colony‐forming capability. Moreover, upregulation of apoptosis‐related genes and downregulation of genes involved in proliferation and angiogenesis was also observed. Although our results elucidated that quercetin has antitumor effects on PC‐3 and LNCaP, for the first time, we showed that quercetin treatment causes alterations in the expression of OPN and VEGF isoforms, which are cancer‐promoting modulators through various processes such as angiogenesis and drug‐resistance. Prostate malignant cells can dodge the anti‐carcinogenic properties of quercetin via modulation of OPN and VEGF isoforms in vitro. Therefore, quercetin acts as a double‐edged sword in prostate cancer treatment.

Aim. Accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) has a fundamental role in clinical and patient care. Recent advances in diagnostic testing and marker lead to standardized interpretation and increased prescription by clinicians to improve the detection of clinically significant PCa and select patients who strictly require targeted biopsies. Methods. In this study, we present a systematic review of the overall diagnostic accuracy of each testing panel regarding the panel details. In this meta-analysis, using a structured search, Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched up to 23 September 2019 with no restrictions and filters. The studys outcome was the AUC and 95 confidence interval of prediction models. This index was reported as an overall and based on the WHO region and models with/without MRI. Results. The thirteen final articles included 25,691 people. The overall AUC and 95 CI in thirteen studies were 0.78 and 95 CI: 0.730.82. The weighted average AUC in the countries of the Americas region was 0.73 (95 CI: 0.700.75), and in European countries, it was 0.80 (95 CI: 0.720.88). In four studies with MRI, the average weighted AUC was 0.88 (95 CI: 0.860.90), while in other articles where MRI was not a parameter in the diagnostic model, the mean AUC was 0.73 (95 CI: 0.700.76). Conclusions. The present studys findings showed that MRI significantly improved the detection accuracy of prostate cancer and had the highest discrimination to distinguish candidates for biopsy.

Background: We aimed to evaluate the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) with wavelengths equivalent to mobile phones on semen parameters and expression levels of spermatogenesis-related genes in rats. Methods: A total of 20 male adult Wistar rats weighing approximately 180 g were randomly allocated to two study groups in this controlled, parallel-design study. The case group was exposed to RF-EMW. The gene’s expression was assessed by real-time PCR for five target genes: ZBTB16, SCP3, ACR, ITGA6, and PRM1. Results: The DNA fragmentation index (DFI) assessment reveals a significant difference between the cases and the control group. There was a two-fold increase in ACR gene expression than in the RF-EMW exposure group. The contradictory result was seen in the other four genes, which showed that gene expression decreased to about 0.3 for PRM1 and SCP3, 0.5 for ITGA6, and 0.7 for ZBTB16. Sperm motility was not significantly different between the two groups, but morphology in the case group revealed higher abnormalities than in the control group. Conclusion: We recommend reducing exposure time to radiofrequency waves, and keeping cell phones away from our bodies as far as possible is safer. Additional studies are required to support our data.