A solvent-free reaction, using a high-speed vibration milling (HSVM) technique, has been developed for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles from β-enamines and nitroolefins as the raw materials, by using iodine as the catalyst. The influences of the vibration frequency and the reaction time were investigated and a series of 2,3,4-polysubstituted pyrroles were obtained in good yields at short reaction times (20 min) under the HSVM condition. It is an efficient, simple, and moderate approach for synthesizing polysubstituted pyrroles under the HSVM conditions.

Clay-based adsorbent materials are widely used to remove heavy metal ions from water. In this study, we have fabricated a novel composite material, consisting of rectorite and sludge-derived biochar (REC/SDBC), and characterized its effectiveness in removing lead from water. Our SEM images show that the REC is evenly dispersed on the surface of the SDBC. The composites have a mesoporous structure, and its BET surface is (16.5 m²/g) comparable with that of SDBC but larger than that of REC. We found that the maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(II) was 26.89 mg g⁻¹ for REC/SDBC composites with a REC:SDBC ratio of 3:1, which was achieved within 120 min. This is higher than the adsorption capacities of REC (19.81 mg g⁻¹) and SDBC (23.15 mg g⁻¹) alone. Furthermore, we observed that the adsorption capacity was greater at pH 5.0 compared to other pH values. Our results also indicate that the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm model provide good fits for the rates and isotherms of Pb(II) adsorption onto REC/SDBC composites. The adsorption kinetic constant and the Langmuir adsorption constant were calculated to be 0.0065 g mg⁻¹ min⁻¹ and 0.319 L mg⁻¹, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the reaction mechanism is mainly dominated by chemisorption, involving cationic exchange, surface complexation, and surface precipitation. The high adsorption capacity, combined with the cost-effectiveness and environmental-friendly nature of REC/SDBC composites, make them promising candidates for removing heavy metallic elements from wastewater.

Climate change is exacerbating urban heatwave, posing critical public health risks that are amplified by accelerating urbanization trends. The multilevel spatiotemporal interactions among environmental factors, heatwave characteristics, and public sentiment re-main unclear, especially in urban agglomerations. This study introduces an innovative analytical framework combining Geographical Convergent Cross Mapping (GCCM) for bidirectional causal inference with Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) for multilevel effect quantification. By systematically integrating a decade (2014-2023) of multi-source remote sensing data, environmental indicators, and 3.2 million heat-perception social media posts across five major Chinese urban agglomerations, this study explore dynamic spatiotemporal relationships between environment, heatwaves, and emotions. Results reveal pronounced asymmetric causality, with environmental im-pacts on heatwaves significantly exceeding heatwave feedback to environments. Intensity indicators (HWA, HWM) show strongest responses to environmental factors, frequency indicators (HWF, HWday) demonstrate moderate-to-strong responses, while duration indicators (HWD) exhibit slightly lower causality. Standardized effect sizes rank environ-mental factors as: Albedo (0.87), FVC (0.79), NDTI (0.75), water bodies (0.57), NTL (0.62) and Elevation (0.35), confirming the dominant influence of surface properties over hydro-logical and topographic factors. Heatwaves and public emotional responses show significant nonlinear relationships with regional variations. As heatwave intensity in-creases, all five emotional dimensions rise with distinct patterns: heat perception responds most directly, health concerns accelerate during moderate-to-high intensity events, outdoor activity preferences decrease significantly during moderate events, and energy consumption concerns peak during high-intensity heatwaves. Each urban agglomeration exhibits unique emotional response patterns due to spatial and geographical differences. These findings provide critical insights into urban thermal environment mechanisms and their societal impacts, highlighting the necessity of region-specific strategies for urban planning and climate adaptation.