China is the world’s leading producer of abalone, a valuable fisheries resource with significant economic, social, and ecological benefits. This study examines the economic performance of abalone aquaculture in H Village, Lianjiang County, Fujian Province—a pivotal region in the industry. Using survey data and cost-benefit analysis, the study reveals that while abalone farming in the region generates a cost-profit margin of 15.79%, it faces challenges such as rising feed costs, genetic degradation, and limited product differentiation. Sensitivity analysis highlights the industry’s reliance on pricing and feed costs, with strategies for improvement including the development of advanced artificial baits, high-quality abalone varieties, optimized fiscal policies, and enhanced branding and deep processing. Findings underscore the critical need for innovation in production and marketing to sustain profitability amidst environmental and market challenges. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of China’s abalone aquaculture sector and proposes actionable strategies to enhance its sustainability and economic resilience.