The primary objective of this study is to analyze the dynamic association among the green energy production (GEP), green technological innovation (GTI), and green international trade (GIT). This study uses fully modified least square (FMOLS) and dynamic least square (DOLS) for data analysis. This study uses the panel data set starts from 2000 to 2020 for eight south Asian countries. This study find a negative relationship between GEP and EFP. However, green technological innovation and green international trade have positive significant association. This study recommends several policy implications regarding the economies of south Asia (SA) based on empirical findings: to subsidize the industries for the installation of renewable projects for the production of renewable energies.

During the time before the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are achieved, the international community has set goals to improve people’s lives worldwide. This is in line with the United Nations’ 2030 ambitions to strengthen and advance human society’s sustainable development. Goal number 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), goal number 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and goal number 13 (Climate Action) are highly correlated to each other. The current study investigates the role of human capital and technological innovation in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) through a carbon-free energy system. A 19-year dataset covering the years 2000−2018 for the G7 economies has been utilized by using the composite index, Multi-criteria decision analysis, and Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag (QARDL) methods. The study’s outcomes indicate that the human capital index and technological innovations contribute positively to SDGs in G7 economies. Both indicators also contribute positively to the carbon-free economy by contributing to carbon-free energy sources. The financial index and energy index results also indicate a positive association with the carbon-free economy in G7 nations. This study suggests policy guidelines for developed as well as for developing economies based on human capital and technological innovation to fulfill the SDGs.

The success of sustainable development heavily depends on successful energy transition toward renewable or carbon-free energy sources. This study attempted to analyze the impact of sustainable development and environmental initiatives on sustainable energy transition in selected OECD economies. For this purpose, the study generated the dataset of environment air and GHG emission, environmental-related technologies, development (gross domestic product, trade openness, and gross domestic spending on R&D) and sustainable environment (air and GHG emission and environmental-related technologies), and energy sources (renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, and sum of total energy consumption) of selected economies of OECD between 2000 and 2020. This study utilized dynamic panel GMM for regression analysis, and FMOLS and DOLS were applied as the robustness models. Empirical results indicated that sustainable development and a sustainable environment contribute positively to the energy transition process in OECD economies. However, these factors also negatively contribute to non-renewable energy consumption in OECD. Thus, the study’s outcomes confirmed the sustainable energy transition in OECD. Therefore, this study suggested that the success of Sustainable Development Goals depends on successful energy transition.

The global community has set intensive targets in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to better people’s lives after closing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It corresponds to the 2030 aspirations of the United Nations to enhance and promote the sustainable development of human society. The current paper explores the impact of fiscal hedging and R&D in energy Using a green-energy system in SDGs. To do this, we used TOPSIS and QARDL methodologies on a 21-year dataset of South and Southeast Asian economies from 2000 to 2020. The study results show that fiscal hedging contributes favourably to the environmental degradation of the underlying economy. Research and development (R&D) in renewables has contributed negatively to ecological degradation and SDGs in the economies of South & Southeast Asia. This study suggests policy guidelines for advanced and developing economies based on fiscal stability and technical innovation through R&D to meet SDG.