To validate the Compassion Fatigue Inventory in Spanish-speaking health personnel, its psychometric properties were tested, and the influencing factors were investigated. This was a cross-sectional validation study. Information was collected through a survey of 733 nurses, physician and medical residents using the Compassion fatigue Inventory (CFI), Secondary Traumatic Stress Questionnaire (CETS), The physician burnout syndrome scale (PhBS), the quality-of-life index (SQL -sp) and the reduced Moral Stress Scale (MMDHPr). The psychometric properties of the CFI were tested via exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency analysis. The final version of the translated CFI was correlated with other scales. An EFA was performed to evaluate the translated CFI, resulting in 15 items in three dimensions, as reported in the literature: reduced compassion, social life, and workplace. The CFA showed good fit indices and psychometric values (Cronbach´s alpha = 0.87, Omega = 0.87, Comparative Fit Index = 0.99, Tucker Lewis = 0.99, root mean square error of approximation = 0.045, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.05). The CFI had a negative correlation with the SQL-sp and a positive correlation with the other subscales. Work experience is predictive of a small reduction in CFI scores. The adaptation of the CFI in a sample of Latino health professionals shows satisfactory psychometric indices in the evaluation of compassion fatigue and can be proposed as a specific inventory to differentiate compassion fatigue from other occupational syndromes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical files of patients with RRMS who started rituximab (RTX) compared with a second-line treatment (natalizumab (NTZ) or fingolimod (FTY)). This was a historical cohort study. We compared the effect according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the number of relapses in RRMS patients receiving these treatments after a mean period of 12 months. We found a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) when comparing the EDSS scores and the annual relapse rates of patients receiving RTX with those receiving NTZ or FTY. This study is essential for our clinical practice, since patients with limited treatment options represent a challenge with regard to the management of their medical care. However, clinical trials and prospective studies with long follow-up periods are necessary to provide sufficient evidence on the efficacy of RTX and thus include this treatment in the therapeutic profile of patients with MS.

Despite extensive research in European and North American contexts, studies on positivity in Latin America remain limited. The sociocultural dynamics of th

Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) and smouldering multiple sclerosis (MS) represent major unmet challenges in contemporary MS care. Disability may accumulate independently of clinical relapses, driven in part by chronic compartmentalised inflammation behind a relatively intact blood–brain barrier and incompletely captured by conventional monitoring tools. This narrative review synthesises evidence across four complementary biomarker domains for detecting smouldering MS and PIRA: advanced MRI (paramagnetic rim lesions [PRLs], slowly expanding lesions, deep grey matter atrophy, quantitative susceptibility mapping); fluid biomarkers (serum glial fibrillary acidic protein [sGFAP], serum neurofilament light chain [sNfL]); retinal optical coherence tomography (ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer thinning); and digital health metrics (wearable accelerometry, digital Symbol Digit Modalities Test). In a single prospective cohort, combined elevation of sGFAP and sNfL conferred a 4.71-fold increased hazard for PIRA (HR 4.71; 95% CI 2.05–9.77); independent data suggest sGFAP may carry selectivity for progression beyond sNfL, although this remains to be confirmed. No single domain sufficiently characterises smouldering pathology. We therefore propose a hypothesis-generating Multimodal PIRA Score (MPS) as a conceptual validation scaffold intended to structure—rather than inform—prospective multicentre evaluation against a long-horizon disability endpoint. Harmonisation of acquisition protocols, reference ranges, and digital phenotyping algorithms remains a prerequisite.