Considering the controversial findings in the existing literature, this study aimed to deepen the knowledge about Hair Cortisol Concentration (HCC) in dogs by evaluating the influence on HCC of some factors related to dogs and guardians. Hair was collected from two groups: 128 Healthy Dogs (HD) and 25 dogs with a primary Chronic Gastroenteric Disease (CGD). Guardians of HD filled in a questionnaire, including dogs and respondents’ demographic information, and the perceived welfare and behaviour of the dog. HCC were measured with an enzyme immunoassay kit. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to compare HCC in HD and CGD. For HD, a multiple linear regression and an ordinary logistic regression were performed with the dependent variable being HCC and the independent variables being dog and guardian characteristics and the questionnaire evaluations. HCC was statistically lower in CGD (medians: 4.79 versus 6.41 pg cortisol/mg hair; W = 961, p < 0.001). A positive association between HCC and guardian’s age was found (β: 0.012; t-value = 3.205; p < 0.01). Previous literature has shown that several factors can affect HCC in dogs; however, given the controversial results, a large sample and a multiparametric analysis, as in this study, can advance knowledge and highlight newly investigated factors. This study revealed the importance of also considering factors related to the guardian and the possibility that multiple factors interact and collectively influence HCC.

Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) or Services (AAS) may cause stress in participating dogs, making the selection of suitable individuals essential to prevent strain. Different non-standardized approaches currently exist to assess dogs’ suitability for AAIs. This preliminary study aimed at evaluating two combined tools, a behavioural aptitude test (SuiTe) and an ad hoc revised questionnaire incorporating C-BARQ, for pre-screening dog suitability for AAIs, also in relation to salivary cortisol measured by enzyme immunoassay in N = 38 dogs. Dogs’ behavioural responses to environmental and social stimuli were scored on an X-Y scale and classified by two independent evaluators as suitable (S), pending suitability (P), or unsuitable (U). Non-parametric tests were performed (p < 0.05). Results indicated significant differences between dogs classified as S or P versus U, both in SuiTe valence scores (higher in S and P) and in separation, attachment, and fear/anxiety behaviours assessed by the questionnaire (higher in U). However, suitability in the SuiTe was lower than that assessed by caregivers through an open question. Our study highlights the complexity of this assessment and the limited awareness of caregivers regarding the situations their dogs face every day. Future analyses will refine this multiparametric approach within a One Welfare perspective, ensuring the welfare of both animals and humans involved in AAIs.

Cat welfare assessment in Animal-assisted aervices (AAS) is necessary to ensure engagement in AAS does not impair welfare. An initial systematic search conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines revealed a complete lack of studies specifically addressing this topic. Consequently, a second-step search was performed, widened to the existing tools for monitoring cat welfare in general. Three scoping reviews using PRISMA guidelines were performed, focusing on the three principal fields of welfare assessment: health, behaviour, and physiology/endocrinology. Studies published on Scopus in 2011–2026, written in English and assessing feline (Felis catus) welfare were selected. A total of 2728 records were identified, of which 43 met the inclusion criteria (including 7 reviews and 1 scientific report); the methods used to assess cat welfare were summarized and discussed for their potential application in AAS. Although multiple tools are available, most are context- or disease-specific and some are not validated. Approximately half of the studies employed more than one indicator or method, with behavioural parameters being the most frequently used through questionnaires or scores. This work provides a practical framework to support veterinarians, handlers, and researchers in the selection of appropriate tools for cat welfare monitoring in AAS.