Bee propolis is a natural substance that is used in traditional medicine due to its versatile pharmacological actions. This study evaluates whether short term use of bee propolis supplementation could have an impact on glycemic control in healthy individuals. A single daily dose of 1000 mg of bee propolis was administered orally to a total of 34 healthy individuals for 60 days. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance were measured in all participants before and after the use of bee propolis. The results of this study showed that bee propolis was associated with a significant increase in body weight and BMI of healthy volunteers. Bee propolis supplementation decreased FBG and HbA1c, but did not affect insulin resistance. Based on these results, bee propolis supplementation has a potential effect on glycemic control in healthy individuals and this should be considered when using this supplement in medical conditions.

Peptic ulcer (P.U.) is the gastrointestinal tract's most frequent disorder affecting mainly the stomach and duodenum. Surgical intervention, ingested materials and microbial infections may trigger inflammation that further predispose to oxidative stress. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are group of compounds established for suppressions of gastric acid secretions profoundly and permanently over a reasonably long period of time. Oxidative stress has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases and disorders, including P.U. Particularly when H. pylori infection accompanies it. In addition to the colonization of this microorganism, gastric mucosa may be subjected to extreme oxidative stress with large levels of inflammatory cell aggregation, which may eventually predispose to the disorder. PPIs exert several effects other than gastric acid suppression that can be used to treat Helicobacter pylori infections, disorders of the respiratory tract, viral infections, and other conditions related to dysfunction of endothelium by activating endogenous antioxidant protection and reducing the release of cytokine. Recent therapeutic protocols have recommended PPIs as gastro-protective compounds not only because of their acid suppression properties, but also because of their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Keywords: Proton Pump Inhibitors, Peptic Ulcer, Oxidative Stress, H. pylori

Objective: To identify the importance of Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), their most recent methods of preparation and the drugs, lipid(s) and surfactant(s) most recently used for carrier development. Methods: Original articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE/PubMed for within the last 5 years (2020-February 2025), with the following search terms; solid lipid nanoparticles. The main aim was to find original articles/ research, this led to another search but excluded evaluation. Study Selection and exclusion criteria: Articles that discussed active pharmaceutical “drugs” were selected for this study and exclusion criteria of “NOT review NOT MRNA NOT DNA NOT RNA” to narrow down the articles. Data Synthesis: More than 500 articles were identified and further reviewed in the literature and were categorized according to the method in which the SLN were prepared; homogenization and/or high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, solvent injection and/or solvent evaporation phase inversion, microemulsion/emulsification, nano spray drying and/or others and combination methods. Conclusion: As more specific drug targeting and drug delivery systems become more of an interest in the drug development field, solid lipid nanoparticles will be of continuance importance for a strategic role in nanoparticle formulations. Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), Homogenization, Ultrasonication, Solvent injection

Solubility and dissolution rate are essential factors in the bioavailability of a drug. The drug must be well-soluble in water to have good bioavailability. Solid dispersion is among the most widely used and effective methods for increasing solubility and releasing inadequately water-soluble medications. Solid dispersion requires the choice of a suitable carrier for the right active pharmaceutical ingredients and the proper techniques for preparing solid dispersions. The reliable dispersion system is designed in various ways to achieve the goal and avoid the accompanying obstacles. Keywords: solid dispersion, solubility, solvent evaporation, lyophilization, generation, methods

Background: Sildenafil citrate (SC) is a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor with low aqueous solubility (4.1 mg/mL in water), resulting in only 40% bioavailability after oral administration. SC is classified as class II by the Biopharmaceutical Drug Classification System. Hydrotropic agents are ionisable organic salts that provide a simple, safe and effective technique for enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Method: Solubility study of SC was conducted in water (as a reference) and in various hydrotropic solutions separately (including sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, Urea and mannitol). The concentrations of the hydrotropic solutions were at 10, 20 and 30 % solution concentration, as well as in the solution of 30 % concentration of mixed hydrotropic agents at a 1:1 ratio. Results: The results show marked enhancement of SC solubility in solution of urea at different concentrations while the solubility was enhanced only in 30% solution of sodium benzoate and slightly enhanced in 30% mannitol solution and mannitol-urea solution. The solubility enhancement in urea shows a positive relationship with solution concentration. In addition, the SC solubility was reduced in the solution of sodium acetate at all concentrations and in the solution of sodium benzoate at concentrations of both 10 and 20 % as well as in all mixed hydrotropic solution containing these two agents. Conclusion: Urea shows promising data as a potential additive with SC to achieve higher solubility and bioavailability of the compound.The results show marked enhancement of SC solubility in solution of urea at different concentrations while the solubility was enhanced only in 30% solution of sodium benzoate and slightly enhanced in 30% mannitol solution and mannitol-urea solution. The solubility enhancement in urea shows a positive relationship with solution concentration.In addition, the SC was reduced in the solution of sodium acetate at all concentrations and in the solution of sodium benzoate at concentrations of both 10 and 20 % as well as in all mixed hydrotropic solution containing these two agents. In conclusion, urea shows promising data as a potential additive with SC to achieve higher solubility and bioavailability of the compound.