A premiere free-access and peer-reviewed frontier journal site, serving the needs of the thermal-fluids community. See the latest research or submit an article. Quickly share your research with the global thermal-fluids community, for increased citations and impact at no cost.

The global energy crisis, driven by factors such as increased demand, limited fossil fuel resources, and growing environmental concerns created an urgent need for energy-efficient solutions across all sectors. Among these, refrigeration systems, which are used extensively in both domestic and commercial settings, are responsible for a sizeable amount of global energy consumption. Finding ways to reduce energy used in the refrigeration could play a crucial role in mitigating the energy crisis. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have emerged as a promising technology to enhance the energy efficiency of refrigeration systems. By storing and releasing energy in the form of latent heat, PCMs optimize energy conversion rate of the processes, reduce power consumption, and lower the overall environmental impact. The present research focus Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate (CCH) as the PCM which acts as an intermediary between the heat sources to achieve optimal effectiveness. To improve system performance and optimize PCM quantity, two novel system configurations were assessed in the mass proportions of 1 kg and 2 kg of PCM with water. The incorporation of PCZ enhanced the overall heat energy utilisation, recovery of waste heat, and greater system output. And actual COP of the refrigeration system was meet out with the domestic refrigerator in ranges of 1.0759 to 1.1537. The above two novel system were proved that a vital role in removal of waste latent heat into lateral use in the ranges of 110.8 kJ (min.) into 226.8 kJ (max.). Finally proposed system was avoided global warming temperature raise because of uses of waste heat into lateral uses in the refrigeration systems.

As sustainability and environmental conservation gain importance, bio-based materials have attracted considerable interest for thermal insulation applications. Conventional petroleum-based insulato...

Chemical reaction of the heat and mass transfer characteristics of a nanofluid flow over a vertical plate in the presence of MHD and thermal radiation has been investigated numerically. The base fluid of the water in the different temperature of variable viscosity and variable Prandtl number with fixed Schmidt number. The model used for the chemical reaction of nanofluid incorporates the effects of viscosity (N), buoyancy force (λ), Brownian motion (Nb) and thermophoresis (Nt). The problem model in the nonlinear PDEs are transformed to non-dimensional form by using the suitable non-similarity transformation. The quasilinearization technique is utilized to linearize the set of equations and FDM scheme is applied in the simulations to get the required numerical solutions. They found that the velocity profile from the surface of the wall to the fluid increases with the increase in buoyancy force (λ), thermal radiation (Rd), buoyancy ratio parameter for liquid (Nc₁) and composite velocity (ε). The temperature profile increases with the increase in buoyancy ratio parameter for liquid (Nc₁) and thermal radiation (Rd). The chemical reaction of the concentration profiles (C₁) and (C₂) decreases with the increase in viscosity (N), Brownian motion (Nb) and (ΔT _w), but it decreases with the decrease in the magnetic parameter (H). The skin friction coefficient (Cf_x(ξRe_L))^1/2 increases with the increase in viscosity (N) and buoyancy force (λ). The Nusselt number (Nu_x(ξRe_L))^1/2 decreases with the increase in Brownian motion (Nb) and thermophoresis (Nt).