This review addresses critical gaps in the understanding of AI integration across modern agricultural systems through a systematic analysis of hybrid architectures, adaptation strategies, learning approaches, and knowledge integration methods. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed 200 papers published over the period 2019-2024, identifying key trends in AI implementation, including the dominance of hybrid approaches and evolution towards data-efficient methodologies. Our meta-analytical synthesis of 51 high-quality studies revealed that hybrid adaptation approaches achieve superior performance (91-94% accuracy) in disease detection and crop monitoring tasks, whereas environmental adaptation strategies offer an optimal balance between performance and resource requirements. Data-efficient learning approaches have shown significant growth, with transfer learning adoption increasing from 30% to 45% of studies, addressing the critical challenge of limited training data in agricultural contexts. We examined implementation challenges, including economic feasibility, ethical considerations, system robustness, and adoption barriers for smallholder farmers. This review provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the current AI applications in agriculture and establishes priorities for sustainable and inclusive agricultural technology development.

Soil salinity is a worldwide problem that negatively affects soil quality and persistently spreading, especially in arid and semi-arid climate. The present study focuses on the mapping of soil salinity risk in Tadla Plain. To achieve this goal, the approach of Soil Salinity Risk Index (SSRI) has been adopted. The use of SSRI based approach reveals the occurrence of three risk classes: low, moderate and severe. The moderate risk class dominates with a coverage representing 80% of the total area. The results achieved showed the prospect of this approach to delineate areas of soils prone to salinization risk.

Soil salinity is a significant threat to crop sustainability and food security. This review aims to provide the basis for effective soil salinity management by examining the different solutions to develop scientifically sound guidelines for farmers, maintain profitable agricultural production in saline farmland irrigated possibly with saline groundwater, and alleviate agricultural land degradation. A lesson learned from the Moroccan experience in tackling salinity is needed for integrating soil and water management and appropriate salt-tolerant crops with innovative agricultural practices as a package of saline agriculture. Moreover, regional and global cooperation to exchange emerging challenges, successful rehabilitation studies, and innovative solutions should be considered. This review concludes that no single parameter could be suggested as the only possible way for soil salinity rehabilitation.