Cognitive tasks significantly influence automated acts, such as walking. This study included 41 healthy individuals, who were over 65 years of age. We examined dual-task effects on the spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters of gait in older adults during four tasks carried out in single-task, cognitive, motor, and combined cognitive–motor conditions. An analysis of walking according to spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters was performed using an inertial movement analysis system. The combined task showed the most significant impairments, with substantially reduced gait speed (p < 0.001, r = −0.80), shorter stride length (p < 0.001, r = −0.82), and decreased hip flexion (p < 0.001, r = −0.80) compared to single-task walking. Cognitive tasks alone significantly affected gait speed (p = 0.001) and stride length (p = 0.001), while motor tasks showed minimal effects. The combined task also significantly increased double-support time (p < 0.001) and reduced single-support time (p = 0.001), indicating compensatory walking strategies. These findings demonstrate that concurrent cognitive–motor demands disproportionately impair gait, suggesting that clinical assessments should prioritize combined-task evaluation. The observed kinematic and spatiotemporal changes highlight the profound interdependence between cognitive function and automatic locomotor control during walking. It is likely that dual-task gait analysis may offer clinical utility for the early detection of cognitive–motor deficits.

Evaluating maximal strength, inter-limb asymmetries, and the hamstring-to-quadriceps (HQ) ratio is essential for identifying strength deficits in athletes. This cross-sectional study assessed the test–retest (inter-visit) reliability of the EasyForce dynamometer for knee extension and flexion strength in 21 young healthy participants (11 women and 10 men; age = 19.4 ± 0.7 years). The dynamometer demonstrated excellent relative reliability, with ICC values of 0.99 for knee extension and 0.95–0.98 for knee flexion. Absolute reliability was also acceptable (typical error = 5.63–16.44 N; coefficient of variation = 3.94–6.80%). Reliability for inter-limb asymmetries (ICC = 0.90) and HQ ratios (ICC = 0.91–0.92) was good to excellent. Agreement for inter-limb asymmetry direction between visits was excellent for knee extension (κ = 0.90) and substantial for knee flexion (κ = 0.71). These findings suggest that EasyForce is reliable for assessing muscle strength, inter-limb asymmetries, and HQ ratios in physically active adults. Future research should explore the broader applicability of EasyForce in muscle strength assessment, particularly for professional athletes and during rehabilitation.

Based on the review of the literature and clinical experiences, it can be concluded that the measurement of the amplitude of movement is one of the basic kinesiometric methods used in the assessment of the functional joint mobility. The goal of our research was to examine the reliability and validity of measuring the amplitude of shoulder joint movement with the KEMTAI software system in comparison with the goniometer with arms. The research was conducted on 40 subjects who, in three attempts, measured the extent of flexion movement in the shoulder joint using a goniometer with arms, by three physiotherapists (experienced measurers) and the KEMTAI system, which uses the examiner's mobile phone camera via software. We found that the lowest mean value was obtained during the first session (M1 = 154.68), and the highest during the third (M2 = 156.53). When using the KEMTAI software, the variability of the mean values for the total population examined was significantly higher than when using a goniometer with arms. The results indicate that the KEMTAI software/system is reliable when comparing the average results of the three measurements. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that three human experts showed high reliability in the assessment using a goniometer with arms. Regardless of the established differences between the measurement results obtained using these two methods, we believe that the KEMTAI software/ system is applicable in practical work.

This preliminary study investigates the test-retest reliability of assessing inter-limb asymmetries using grip strength measurements and examines the effect of testing positions (sitting vs. standing) on these assessments. The study involved ten healthy adults who participated in two testing sessions, where grip strength was measured using a Jamar dynamometer in both sitting and standing positions. The reliability of these measurements was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and other statistical measures, such as the typical error (TE) and coefficient of variation (CV). The results demonstrated good to excellent reliability for grip strength measurements in both sitting and standing positions, with ICC values ranging from 0.96 to 0.98. However, the reliability of asymmetry assessments showed greater variability, particularly in the sitting position, where the ICC for asymmetry was lower (0.82) compared to the standing position (0.91). The observed differences in reliability suggest that factors such as body posture, joint angles, and hand-grip positioning might significantly influence the outcomes of inter-limb asymmetry assessments. Moreover, the study found that asymmetry measurements varied between sessions, particularly in the sitting position, indicating potential learning effects or motivational differences. These findings underscore the importance of standardized testing protocols and suggest that a single testing procedure may not be sufficient to reliably assess inter-limb asymmetries. Further research with larger sample sizes and more controlled conditions is recommended to validate these preliminary findings and to explore the influence of different testing positions on the reliability of asymmetry assessments.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate age-related changes in postural stability among healthy older adults using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors and assess the clinical potential of wearable technology for balance assessment in geriatric populations. Methods: Thirty-four healthy participants aged > 65 years were divided into two age groups (65-75 and > 75 years). Balance was assessed using a sacrum-mounted IMU sensor during a 30-second semi-tandem stance in three trials. Results: Participants > 75 years showed increased postural sway compared to younger counterparts. Gender differences revealed greater medio-lateral sway in males (p = 0.038). No significant differences were observed in sway velocity or ellipse area, suggesting effective compensatory mechanisms in static conditions. Conclusion: IMU-based balance assessment demonstrates sensitivity in detecting subtle age-related postural changes, with practical advantages for both clinical and community settings.

Proprioception and kinesthesia refer to the sense of joint position and movement, assessable through joint position sense (JPS). We evaluated the potential of the KEMTAI software system in tracking and quantifying shoulder movement by examining 40 subjects (ages 22-68) divided into three age groups. Subjects, blindfolded, performed shoulder flexion, stopped on voice command and by their own at predefined angles measured by the software. Our findings indicated no significant differences in JPS accuracy across age groups, although precision improved with external cues, and a decline in JPS memory over short intervals was observed, suggesting further exploration is needed.