Phosphorus (P) is an essential element required for incorporation into several biomolecules and for various biological functions; it is, therefore, vital for optimal growth and development of plants. The extensive research on identifying the processes underlying the uptake, transport, and homeostasis of phosphate (Pi) in various plant organs yielded valuable information. The transport of Pi occurs from the soil into root epidermal cells, followed by loading into the root xylem vessels for distribution into other plant organs. Under conditions of Pi deficiency, Pi is also translocated from the shoot to the root via the phloem. Vacuoles act as a storage pool for extra Pi, enabling its delivery to the cytosol, a process which plays an important role in the homeostatic control of cytoplasmic Pi levels. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, Pi homeostasis regulates ATP synthase activity to maintain optimal ATP levels. Additionally, the endoplasmic reticulum functions to direct Pi transporters and Pi toward various locations. The intracellular membrane potential and pH in the subcellular organelles could also play an important role in the kinetics of Pi transport. The presented review provides an overview of Pi transport mechanisms in subcellular organelles, and also discusses how they affect Pi balancing at cellular, tissue, and whole-plant levels.

In this work, the effect of the interaction between As and thiourea was utilized for the identification of redox regulatory mechanisms of As tolerance in rice.

Plants are an intrinsic part of the soil community, which is comprised of a diverse range of organisms that interact in the rhizosphere through continuous molecular communications. The molecular dialogue within the plant microbiome involves a complex repertoire of primary and secondary metabolites that interact within different liquid matrices and biofilms. Communication functions are likely to involve membrane‐less organelles formed by liquid−liquid phase separation of proteins and natural deep eutectic solvents that play a role as alternative media to water. We discuss the chemistry of inter‐organism communication and signalling within the biosphere that allows plants to discriminate between harmful, benign and beneficial microorganisms. We summarize current information concerning the chemical repertoire that underpins plant−microbe communication and host‐range specificity. We highlight how the regulated production, perception and processing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is used in the communication between plants and microbes and within the communities that shape the soil microbiome.