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This paper aims to show how much and in which way people in Brazil are deprived in terms of indicators directly related to the capacity to prevent and recover from infection with COVID-19. We use the Alkire-Foster (AF) method and a fuzzy-set approach as complements to measure multidimensional poverty within the context of the coronavirus pandemic. We propose two pandemic-specific indexes to account for the vulnerability related to the capacity to prevent infection with and to recover from the disease. The outcomes reveal structural deprivations in the country and considerable inequality among regions and ethnic groups. Rank correlation analyses suggest that the proposed indexes can trace the trends in increasing infection and a higher mortality rate in vulnerable regions. Compared to headcount ratio results, the fuzzy measures have more precise outcomes and are better able to capture the evolution in mortality patterns. Our empirical evidence offers an additional warning that the pandemic responses need to prioritize the most vulnerable groups and reinforces the need for coordinated national action.
Fernando Flores Tavares; Gianni Betti. The pandemic of poverty, vulnerability, and COVID-19: Evidence from a fuzzy multidimensional analysis of deprivations in Brazil. World Development 2020, 139, 105307 .
AMA StyleFernando Flores Tavares, Gianni Betti. The pandemic of poverty, vulnerability, and COVID-19: Evidence from a fuzzy multidimensional analysis of deprivations in Brazil. World Development. 2020; 139 ():105307.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Flores Tavares; Gianni Betti. 2020. "The pandemic of poverty, vulnerability, and COVID-19: Evidence from a fuzzy multidimensional analysis of deprivations in Brazil." World Development 139, no. : 105307.
Over the last few years, there has been increased interest in compiling poverty indicators for children, as well as in providing uncertainty measures that are associated with point estimates. In this paper, we provide point, variance, and interval confidence estimates of the at-risk-of-poverty rate indicator for 33 European countries. Using the 2018 EU-SILC survey, we analysed the spatial distribution of poverty by providing graphical representations at the national level. Our results reveal rates of child poverty that are higher than in the national estimates for most of the countries. By considering the computation of standard errors, we used the bootstrap method thanks to its convenient properties. It is worth noting that, for some countries, such as Finland, Belgium, and Ireland, the confidence intervals do not overlap. These results suggest differences among countries not only in terms of child poverty, but also in terms of social protection and the welfare state.
Ilaria Benedetti; Gianni Betti; And Crescenzi. Measuring Child Poverty and Its Uncertainty: A Case Study of 33 European Countries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8204 .
AMA StyleIlaria Benedetti, Gianni Betti, And Crescenzi. Measuring Child Poverty and Its Uncertainty: A Case Study of 33 European Countries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Benedetti; Gianni Betti; And Crescenzi. 2020. "Measuring Child Poverty and Its Uncertainty: A Case Study of 33 European Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8204.
This paper discusses how objective environmental indicators affect the measure of a country’s well-being. The dependent variable in the analysis is subjective well-being (WB), for which the objective environmental variable we use is per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The paper refers to the relationship between subjective well-being and a set of objective variables representing the four basic types of capital to satisfy human needs and to ensure the well-being of future generations based on the ecological economic systems. Implementing different mediation models, estimated using structural equation modeling, we discover that the objective environmental variable does not directly affects the country’s subjective well-being, while, according to different models, the mediated effects are statistically significant in explaining subjective well-being. The surprising results lead us to think that the environmental risks related to CO2 emissions might not be correctly perceived by the public.
Gianni Betti; Laura Neri; Marco Lonzi; Achille Lemmi. Objective Environmental Indicators and Subjective Well-Being: Are They Directly Related? Sustainability 2020, 12, 2277 .
AMA StyleGianni Betti, Laura Neri, Marco Lonzi, Achille Lemmi. Objective Environmental Indicators and Subjective Well-Being: Are They Directly Related? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti; Laura Neri; Marco Lonzi; Achille Lemmi. 2020. "Objective Environmental Indicators and Subjective Well-Being: Are They Directly Related?" Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2277.
Measuring and comparing levels of violence against women across individuals or countries are controversial exercises, and yet they remain essential to understanding the phenomenon. We develop a scale of severity of violence against women based on fuzzy set theory. The scale can be used to derive fuzzy indexes of violence which account for the prevalence, frequency and severity of violence. Unlike existing alternatives, however, the scale that we propose is based on objective information rather than subjective assessment; it is parsimonious in terms of the amount of information that it requires; and it is less vulnerable to risks of cultural bias. We exploit our scale to unravel a puzzle which arises from the largest survey of violence against women in Europe to date, namely that some of the more gender equal countries record higher prevalence rates for violence from intimate partners. We show that the puzzle is resolved once violence is weighted by severity using our scale instead of being measured by simple prevalence.
Francesca Bettio; Elisa Ticci; Gianni Betti. A Fuzzy Index and Severity Scale to Measure Violence Against Women. Social Indicators Research 2019, 148, 225 -249.
AMA StyleFrancesca Bettio, Elisa Ticci, Gianni Betti. A Fuzzy Index and Severity Scale to Measure Violence Against Women. Social Indicators Research. 2019; 148 (1):225-249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Bettio; Elisa Ticci; Gianni Betti. 2019. "A Fuzzy Index and Severity Scale to Measure Violence Against Women." Social Indicators Research 148, no. 1: 225-249.
The main scope of this paper consists in presenting an original contribution for the estimation of measures of monetary and multi-dimensional poverty in a longitudinal context; we also provide empirical on how this could be very useful in explaining the different recovery in three Visegrad Countries from the 2008 crisis. The traditional approach of poverty, defined by the dichotomy (poor, non-poor) is replaced by a defining based on the concept “a matter of degree”, which could briefly be defined as the position of an individual in the income distribution, or in any other variable’s distribution taken into account in a multidimensional approach. Another original contribution of the paper consists in proposing rules for the intersection and union of fuzzy sets, which we demonstrate to be appropriate for the study of poverty and deprivation, especially when the approach is applied to a time sequence in a longitudinal perspective; in particular, we propose the new ‘fuzzy “At-persistent-risk-of-poverty rate”, which can be seen as the fuzzy alter ego of the well-known Eurostat Laeken indicator.
Wei Su; Gianni Betti; Baris Ucar. Longitudinal measures of fuzzy poverty: a focus on Czechia, Hungary and Poland after the crisis. Quality & Quantity 2019, 54, 27 -41.
AMA StyleWei Su, Gianni Betti, Baris Ucar. Longitudinal measures of fuzzy poverty: a focus on Czechia, Hungary and Poland after the crisis. Quality & Quantity. 2019; 54 (1):27-41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Su; Gianni Betti; Baris Ucar. 2019. "Longitudinal measures of fuzzy poverty: a focus on Czechia, Hungary and Poland after the crisis." Quality & Quantity 54, no. 1: 27-41.
This paper studies how a society with traditional gender norms and competitive marriage market conditions may favor unequal distribution of resources within households and a consequent increase in female poverty. We propose a method to estimate individual consumption from household expenditure data. After estimating individual consumption, we apply a fuzzy approach for poverty analysis. Compared to standard poverty measures, the approach is less sensitive to changes in the distribution of consumption around the poverty line, generated when accounting for unequal distribution of household resources. The approach, applied to the analysis of individual poverty in Albania, revealed considerable intrahousehold inequality that specifically affects women and is correlated with imbalances in the sex ratio induced by past migrations. This leads to an expected general increase in poverty rates, mainly driven by a previously unperceived issue, female poverty, which emerges as an aspect of concern to consider in future anti-poverty policies.
Gianni Betti; Lucia Mangiavacchi; Luca Piccoli. Women and poverty: insights from individual consumption in Albania. Review of Economics of the Household 2019, 18, 69 -91.
AMA StyleGianni Betti, Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli. Women and poverty: insights from individual consumption in Albania. Review of Economics of the Household. 2019; 18 (1):69-91.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti; Lucia Mangiavacchi; Luca Piccoli. 2019. "Women and poverty: insights from individual consumption in Albania." Review of Economics of the Household 18, no. 1: 69-91.
This paper describes a methodology for the construction of a multidimensional index for sustainability assessment in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN 2030 Agenda. The methodology is designed to properly capture the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and the SDG framework, introducing an innovative Fuzzy Multidimensional Index to measure the performance of Mediterranean countries. The focus is on agro-food sustainability, in-line with the aims of the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA). Drawing on fuzzy set theory, a step-by-step procedure was developed: the underlying dimensions of a set of selected indicators for the SDGs are identified by exploratory factor analysis; an innovative weighting method is applied to aggregate the indicators and calculate the country scores for each dimension and the Fuzzy Multidimensional Index. The PRIMA program will be a first step towards the implementation of innovative solutions, by funding international cooperation projects between countries on both sides of the Mediterranean for a decade: the Fuzzy Multidimensional Index will be the primary source of data for evaluating such projects and policies implemented from them; the Index will therefore be able to close a gap in the availability of appropriate data.
Margherita Casini; Simone Bastianoni; Francesca Gagliardi; Massimo Gigliotti; Angelo Riccaboni; Gianni Betti. Sustainable Development Goals Indicators: A Methodological Proposal for a Multidimensional Fuzzy Index in the Mediterranean Area. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1198 .
AMA StyleMargherita Casini, Simone Bastianoni, Francesca Gagliardi, Massimo Gigliotti, Angelo Riccaboni, Gianni Betti. Sustainable Development Goals Indicators: A Methodological Proposal for a Multidimensional Fuzzy Index in the Mediterranean Area. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (4):1198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargherita Casini; Simone Bastianoni; Francesca Gagliardi; Massimo Gigliotti; Angelo Riccaboni; Gianni Betti. 2019. "Sustainable Development Goals Indicators: A Methodological Proposal for a Multidimensional Fuzzy Index in the Mediterranean Area." Sustainability 11, no. 4: 1198.
The main scope of the paper is to adopt a fuzzy sets approach for the measurement of multidimensional poverty over a period of eight years, from 2007 to 2015, which takes into account the effect of the 2008 economic and financial crisis. In particular, the focus is on the financial dimension of poverty, and its effects on citizens in the EU Mediterranean Area. The empirical analysis, based on the European Union—Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (EU-SILC), covers eight Mediterranean Countries.
Martina Ciani; Francesca Gagliardi; Samuele Riccarelli; Gianni Betti. Fuzzy Measures of Multidimensional Poverty in the Mediterranean Area: A Focus on Financial Dimension. Sustainability 2018, 11, 143 .
AMA StyleMartina Ciani, Francesca Gagliardi, Samuele Riccarelli, Gianni Betti. Fuzzy Measures of Multidimensional Poverty in the Mediterranean Area: A Focus on Financial Dimension. Sustainability. 2018; 11 (1):143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Ciani; Francesca Gagliardi; Samuele Riccarelli; Gianni Betti. 2018. "Fuzzy Measures of Multidimensional Poverty in the Mediterranean Area: A Focus on Financial Dimension." Sustainability 11, no. 1: 143.
Water use and agricultural practices in the Mediterranean area are unsustainable. The situation is worsened by the increased frequency of droughts and floods, as well as desertification and soil depletion, associated with climate change. The aim of Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) is to foster an integrated programme of sustainable food production and water provision in the framework of the water-energy-food nexus. A monitoring tool developed under PRIMA is based on the Sustainable Development Goals, two of which are specifically dedicated to food security (SDG 2) and sustainable management of water (SDG 6). The 12 indicators that have been chosen to be monitored in the Mediterranean area are: Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI); population overweight (%); land use (%); GHG emissions (total and AFOLU)(tCO2e); cereal yield (kg/ha); agriculture value added (US$/worker); fertilizer consumption (kg/haarable land); crop water productivity (kg/m3); annual freshwater withdrawal for agriculture (%); population served using with safely managed water service (rural, %); population served using with safely managed sanitation (rural, %); amount of agricultural residues used for energy purposes (t). Datasets for these indicators are collected by international bodies such as the World Bank, WHO, FAO and UNFCCC; recent series are available for almost all Mediterranean countries and are constantly updated. The aim of the proposed monitoring tool is to keep track of the impact generated in by PRIMA research and innovation projects Mediterranean countries.
F. Saladini; Gianni Betti; E. Ferragina; F. Bouraoui; Sebastiano Cupertino; G. Canitano; M. Gigliotti; A. Autino; F.M. Pulselli; Angelo Riccaboni; G. Bidoglio; S. Bastianoni. Linking the water-energy-food nexus and sustainable development indicators for the Mediterranean region. Ecological Indicators 2018, 91, 689 -697.
AMA StyleF. Saladini, Gianni Betti, E. Ferragina, F. Bouraoui, Sebastiano Cupertino, G. Canitano, M. Gigliotti, A. Autino, F.M. Pulselli, Angelo Riccaboni, G. Bidoglio, S. Bastianoni. Linking the water-energy-food nexus and sustainable development indicators for the Mediterranean region. Ecological Indicators. 2018; 91 ():689-697.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Saladini; Gianni Betti; E. Ferragina; F. Bouraoui; Sebastiano Cupertino; G. Canitano; M. Gigliotti; A. Autino; F.M. Pulselli; Angelo Riccaboni; G. Bidoglio; S. Bastianoni. 2018. "Linking the water-energy-food nexus and sustainable development indicators for the Mediterranean region." Ecological Indicators 91, no. : 689-697.
The world has great expectations for how the private sector, both companies and investors, can support the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In fact, it is generally believed that these goals cannot be achieved without strong support from the private sector. But will making the world a better place hurt financial returns? The answer is “No” if companies focus on the SDGs and their associated targets that benefit from strong performance on the material environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues that matter to investors. In this paper we map the 30 generic ESG issues identified by the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) to the SDGs and their targets. We show that some SASB issues are more material for a given SDG than others. We also show that some SASB issues are more important to the SDGs in general than others. We also map the material ESG issues for each of SASB’s 79 industries to the SDGs and to their targets. For each sector, there are particular SDGs where it has high impact and for each SDG there are particular sectors that have a high impact on it, and some sectors are more important to the SDGs in aggregate than others. The same is true at the target level. This mapping can be used as a guide for both companies and investors who want to understand how value-creating ESG performance can contribute to the SDGs. This paper is divided into four parts. Part I explains the motivation for this study. Part II explains our methodology and Part III the results. Part IV concludes with a summary of our results and some reflections on how our mapping methodology can be improved.
Gianni Betti; Costanza Consolandi; Robert G. Eccles. The Relationship between Investor Materiality and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Methodological Framework. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2248 .
AMA StyleGianni Betti, Costanza Consolandi, Robert G. Eccles. The Relationship between Investor Materiality and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Methodological Framework. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti; Costanza Consolandi; Robert G. Eccles. 2018. "The Relationship between Investor Materiality and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Methodological Framework." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2248.
This article presents the results of the latest poverty and inequality mapping update using the 2012 Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) survey and the 2011 census. This mapping builds on the methodology outlined by Chris Elbers and colleagues and further innovates by including new methodological developments. The results presented here allow better understanding of the regional inequalities in welfare across Albania, and thus can help policy makers address them. This is particularly needed because internal migration over the past decade led to large-scale urbanization in some areas and severe depopulation in others. Internal migration is multifaceted, but mostly flows toward Tirana.
Gianni Betti; Ruzhdie Bici; Laura Neri; Thomas Pave Sohnesen; Ledia Thomo. Local Poverty and Inequality in Albania. Eastern European Economics 2018, 56, 223 -245.
AMA StyleGianni Betti, Ruzhdie Bici, Laura Neri, Thomas Pave Sohnesen, Ledia Thomo. Local Poverty and Inequality in Albania. Eastern European Economics. 2018; 56 (3):223-245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti; Ruzhdie Bici; Laura Neri; Thomas Pave Sohnesen; Ledia Thomo. 2018. "Local Poverty and Inequality in Albania." Eastern European Economics 56, no. 3: 223-245.
Vijay Verma; Achille Lemmi; Gianni Betti; Francesca Gagliardi; Mario Piacentini. How precise are poverty measures estimated at the regional level? Regional Science and Urban Economics 2017, 66, 175 -184.
AMA StyleVijay Verma, Achille Lemmi, Gianni Betti, Francesca Gagliardi, Mario Piacentini. How precise are poverty measures estimated at the regional level? Regional Science and Urban Economics. 2017; 66 ():175-184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVijay Verma; Achille Lemmi; Gianni Betti; Francesca Gagliardi; Mario Piacentini. 2017. "How precise are poverty measures estimated at the regional level?" Regional Science and Urban Economics 66, no. : 175-184.
In this paper, we present a practical methodology for variance estimation for multi-dimensional measures of poverty and deprivation of households and individuals, derived from sample surveys with complex designs and fairly large sample sizes. The measures considered are based on fuzzy representation of individuals' propensity to deprivation in monetary and diverse non-monetary dimensions. We believe this to be the first original contribution for estimating standard errors for such fuzzy poverty measures. The second objective is to describe and numerically illustrate computational procedures and difficulties in producing reliable and robust estimates of sampling error for such complex statistics. We attempt to identify some of these problems and provide solutions in the context of actual situations. A detailed application based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for 19 NUTS2 regions in Spain is provided.
Gianni Betti; Francesca Gagliardi; Vijay Verma. Simplified Jackknife Variance Estimates for Fuzzy Measures of Multidimensional Poverty. International Statistical Review 2017, 86, 68 -86.
AMA StyleGianni Betti, Francesca Gagliardi, Vijay Verma. Simplified Jackknife Variance Estimates for Fuzzy Measures of Multidimensional Poverty. International Statistical Review. 2017; 86 (1):68-86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti; Francesca Gagliardi; Vijay Verma. 2017. "Simplified Jackknife Variance Estimates for Fuzzy Measures of Multidimensional Poverty." International Statistical Review 86, no. 1: 68-86.
G. Betti; M.A. Karadag; O. Sarica; B. Ucar. Regional Differences in Equivalence Scales in Turkey. Economy of Region 2017, 63 -69.
AMA StyleG. Betti, M.A. Karadag, O. Sarica, B. Ucar. Regional Differences in Equivalence Scales in Turkey. Economy of Region. 2017; ():63-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Betti; M.A. Karadag; O. Sarica; B. Ucar. 2017. "Regional Differences in Equivalence Scales in Turkey." Economy of Region , no. : 63-69.
The linearisation approach to approximating variance of complex non-linear statistics is a well-established procedure. The basis of this approach is to reduce non-linear statistics to a linear form, justified on the basis of asymptotic properties of large populations and samples. For diverse cross-sectional measures of inequality such linearised forms are available, though the derivations involved can be complex. Replication methods based on repeated resampling of the parent sample provide an alternative approach to variance estimation of complex statistics from complex samples. These procedures can be computationally demanding but tend to be straightforward technically. Perhaps the simplest and the best established among these is the Jackknife Repeated Replication (JRR) method. Recently the JRR method has been shown to produce comparable variance for cross-sectional poverty measures (Verma and Betti in J Appl Stat 38(8):1549–1576, 2011); and it has also been extended to estimate the variance of longitudinal poverty measures for which Taylor approximation is not currently available, or at least cannot be easily derived. This paper extends the JRR methodology further to the estimation of variance of differences and averages of inequality measures. It illustrates the application of JRR methodology using data from four waves of the EU-SILC for Spain. For cross-sectional measures design effect can be decomposed into the effect of clustering and stratification, and that of weighting under both methodologies. For differences and averages of these poverty measures JRR method is applied to compute variance and three separate components of the design effect—effect of clustering and stratification, effect of weighting, and an additional effect due to correlation of different cross-sections from panel data—combining these the overall design effect can be estimated.
Gianni Betti; Francesca Gagliardi. Extension of JRR Method for Variance Estimation of Net Changes in Inequality Measures. Social Indicators Research 2017, 137, 45 -60.
AMA StyleGianni Betti, Francesca Gagliardi. Extension of JRR Method for Variance Estimation of Net Changes in Inequality Measures. Social Indicators Research. 2017; 137 (1):45-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti; Francesca Gagliardi. 2017. "Extension of JRR Method for Variance Estimation of Net Changes in Inequality Measures." Social Indicators Research 137, no. 1: 45-60.
This paper presents the results of the latest poverty mapping update using the most recent LSMS survey of 2012 and the most recent Census 2011. This poverty map still builds on the methodology outlined in Elbers et al. (2003), but also innovates by including a number of new methodological developments, the most important described by Elbers and Van der Weide (2014). The results presented here can be a powerful tool for policymakers, as they allow better understanding and addressing spatial inequalities in welfare across Albania; this is particularly needed since in the last decade the internal movements led to large-scale urbanization in some areas and drastic depopulation in others. While internal movements are multifaceted, it is apparent that the large majority of internal migration flows is in the direction of Tirana.
Gianni Betti; Ruzhdie Bici; Laura Neri; Thomas Pave Sohnesen; Ledia Thomo. Local Poverty and Inequality in Albania. 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleGianni Betti, Ruzhdie Bici, Laura Neri, Thomas Pave Sohnesen, Ledia Thomo. Local Poverty and Inequality in Albania. . 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti; Ruzhdie Bici; Laura Neri; Thomas Pave Sohnesen; Ledia Thomo. 2017. "Local Poverty and Inequality in Albania." , no. : 1.
It is unanimously recognised in the literature that the concept of Quality of Life should be measured within a multidimensional framework, that is able to add to the information usually provided by indices based on economic variables. This paper proposes to adopt a new brand approach for the measurement of quality of life, which is based on the so called fuzzy set approach, and for the first time implement it in a comparative context. The empirical analysis is based on the third wave of European Quality of Life Survey, conducted in 2012 by Eurofound. The fuzzy set approach to Quality of Life measurement, results to be consistent when compared to the traditional approach defined by Eurofound; moreover, it results to also statistically robust. In conclusion, the fuzzy set approach provides quite significant added value for both data users and data analysts since it presents results which are easy to read, are concise, and it also facilitates comparison among dimensions.
Gianni Betti. Fuzzy Measures of Quality of Life: a Multidimensional and Comparative Approach. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 2016, 24, 25 -37.
AMA StyleGianni Betti. Fuzzy Measures of Quality of Life: a Multidimensional and Comparative Approach. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems. 2016; 24 (Suppl. 1):25-37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti. 2016. "Fuzzy Measures of Quality of Life: a Multidimensional and Comparative Approach." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 24, no. Suppl. 1: 25-37.
F. Crescenzi; Gianni Betti; F. Gagliardi. Comparing Small Area Techniques for Estimating Poverty Measures: the Case Study of Austria and Spain. Economy of Region 2016, 396 -404.
AMA StyleF. Crescenzi, Gianni Betti, F. Gagliardi. Comparing Small Area Techniques for Estimating Poverty Measures: the Case Study of Austria and Spain. Economy of Region. 2016; ():396-404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Crescenzi; Gianni Betti; F. Gagliardi. 2016. "Comparing Small Area Techniques for Estimating Poverty Measures: the Case Study of Austria and Spain." Economy of Region , no. : 396-404.
The main aim of the paper is to contribute to the poverty measurement literature by demonstrating a method to reduce the impact of equivalence scales in poverty measurement. This is accomplished by choosing the most appropriate reference household type. The results showed that one adult household is certainly not suitable for being the reference household type. When one adult household is set as the reference, in the range of no equivalence scale and per capita equivalence scale, poverty head count ratio changes from 1 to 48 %, showing the huge effect of the equivalence scale choice. Also the analyses at household size level showed that one adult household type is not convenient to be the reference household type. On the other hand, no clear distinction could be made between central household types, but the importance of choosing a household type close to the center was demonstrated for Turkish data.
Gianni Betti; Mehmet Ali Karadag; Ozlem Sarica; Baris Ucar. How to Reduce the Impact of Equivalence Scales on Poverty Measurement: Evidence from Turkey. Social Indicators Research 2016, 132, 1023 -1035.
AMA StyleGianni Betti, Mehmet Ali Karadag, Ozlem Sarica, Baris Ucar. How to Reduce the Impact of Equivalence Scales on Poverty Measurement: Evidence from Turkey. Social Indicators Research. 2016; 132 (3):1023-1035.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti; Mehmet Ali Karadag; Ozlem Sarica; Baris Ucar. 2016. "How to Reduce the Impact of Equivalence Scales on Poverty Measurement: Evidence from Turkey." Social Indicators Research 132, no. 3: 1023-1035.
Static economic models based on complete demand systems are inadequate for estimating unconditional equivalence scales; in order to capture the effects of demographic changes on consumer behaviour, a life-cycle dynamic model is taken into account. In literature, studies have presented and evaluated longitudinal equivalence scales and intertemporal cost of children but these cannot be applied in practice when equivalence scales are utilised in poverty or income distribution analyses. This paper proposes intratemporal equivalent income scales, which are within period index numbers incorporating intertemporal consumer behaviour.
Gianni Betti. Quantifying the economic cost of children: a note on intertemporal equivalence scales. Quality & Quantity 2016, 51, 1197 -1205.
AMA StyleGianni Betti. Quantifying the economic cost of children: a note on intertemporal equivalence scales. Quality & Quantity. 2016; 51 (3):1197-1205.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianni Betti. 2016. "Quantifying the economic cost of children: a note on intertemporal equivalence scales." Quality & Quantity 51, no. 3: 1197-1205.