The rational design of photoanode materials is pivotal for advancing photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting toward sustainable hydrogen production. This review highlights recent progress in the machine learning (ML)-assisted development of nanostructured metal oxide photoanodes, focusing on bridging materials discovery and device-level performance optimization. We first delineate the fundamental physicochemical criteria for efficient photoanodes, including suitable band alignment, visible-light absorption, charge carrier mobility, and electrochemical stability. Conventional strategies such as nanostructuring, elemental doping, and surface/interface engineering are critically evaluated. We then discuss the integration of ML techniques—ranging from high-throughput density functional theory (DFT)-based screening to experimental data-driven modeling—for accelerating the identification of promising oxides (e.g., BiVO₄, Fe₂O₃, WO₃) and optimizing key parameters such as dopant selection, morphology, and catalyst interfaces. Particular attention is given to surrogate modeling, Bayesian optimization, convolutional neural networks, and explainable AI approaches that enable closed-loop synthesis-experiment-ML frameworks. ML-assisted performance prediction and tandem device design are also addressed. Finally, current challenges in data standardization, model generalizability, and experimental validation are outlined, and future perspectives are proposed for integrating ML with automated platforms and physics-informed modeling to facilitate scalable PEC material development for clean energy applications.

In this study, a large number of field experiments were carried out to study the aerobic fermentation of dewatered activated sludge by using the dewatered sludge of Harbin Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant as raw material and using a horizontal rotary aerobic sludge fermentation device. The paper also studied the effect of fermented activated sludge as o rganic fertilizer in the field. The results showed that the sludge fermentation temperature continued to rise from 50 t o 55 °C, and the highest temperature was 58 °C. The water content of sludge decreases gradually with the extension of fermentation time. After 17 days of fermentation, the water content of sludge decreases from 60% to 40%. The change of ammonia nitrogen shows that it first increases and then decreases. Although the content of nitrate nitrogen increases and decreases, the value of start and end of fermentation has not changed much. Total nitrogen content showed a downward trend. Cellulose can be degraded rapidly in the early stage of sludge fermentation, but slowly in the later stage. Aerobic fermentation is an effective way for sludge resource utilization.

Antibiotics have been extensively used in medicine and aquaculture, leading to severe environmental contamination. Among them, chlortetracycline (CTC) has attracted considerable attention due to its large consumption and high residual risk. MIL-125(Ti), as a representative titanium-based metal–organic framework, exhibits good structural stability and tunability; however, its intrinsically weak visible-light response and rapid charge recombination limit further photocatalytic applications. To improve its photocatalytic performance, MIL-125 was first synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and then Fe and S species were introduced through a combination of in situ coprecipitation and mild sulfuration, yielding an Fe/S-modified MIL-125 photocatalyst. The introduction of Na₂S induced defect sites and coordinatively unsaturated centers on the MIL-125 surface, while the cooperative participation of Fe species further regulated the surface electronic structure and active-site distribution, thereby enhancing visible-light absorption and interfacial charge transfer. Under AM 1.5 irradiation, the optimized Fe/S-MIL-125 achieved a CTC degradation efficiency of 98.6% within 120 min at an initial concentration of 40 mg L−1. In addition, the material exhibited broad applicability toward multiple antibiotics, with degradation efficiencies exceeding 87% for ciprofloxacin (CIP) and clindamycin (CLI). Cycling tests demonstrated that the catalyst retained high activity after five successive runs, indicating excellent stability. Radical scavenging experiments and ESR analyses revealed that superoxide radicals (·O²⁻) were the dominant reactive species. Overall, the Fe/S-modified strategy significantly enhanced the photocatalytic performance of MIL-125 through defect engineering and interfacial charge regulation, offering a promising approach for the design of MOF-based materials for antibiotic removal.

Tetracycline-class antibiotics are persistent contaminants in aquatic environments and are difficult to remove by conventional treatment processes. In this study, a recoverable granular MIL-101(Fe)/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared through ligand anchoring followed by secondary Fe-MOF growth on spherical γ-Al₂O₃ and applied to catalytic ozonation of tetracycline (TC) under ordinary-bubble and microbubble-assisted operation. Structural characterization supported the formation of Fe-containing MOF domains on the alumina support, accompanied by an increase in BET surface area from 164.28 to 210.05 m² g⁻¹ and enhanced Lewis-acid-related pyridine-IR signals. Under conventional bubbling ozonation, the optimized catalyst achieved 67.93% apparent UV–Vis-based TC removal during an overall 50 min run consisting of 30 min dark adsorption followed by 20 min ozonation. In a 12 L microbubble reactor, the catalyst-assisted system reached 93.74% apparent UV–Vis-based TC removal at pH 6 with 100 g catalyst and 6 mg min⁻¹ fed ozone, showing higher apparent removal than ordinary ozonation, microbubble ozonation, and ordinary-bubble catalytic ozonation under the tested configuration. Phosphate-blocking and radical-quenching experiments were consistent with the involvement of Lewis-acid-related sites, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide-related pathways, but these tests are interpreted as indirect mechanistic evidence. LC-MS analysis suggested possible hydroxylation, demethylation, deamidation, ring opening, and low-molecular-weight product formation. The system also transformed chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline and reduced COD and TOC in a simulated mixed-antibiotic matrix. Because parent-compound HPLC/LC-MS time-series quantification, ozone utilization/off-gas ozone measurement, bubble-size/kLa analysis, and ICP-based Fe loading/leaching data were not available, the present work is positioned as an apparent catalyst–reactor coupling study rather than a complete catalytic, hydrodynamic, or process-level demonstration.

This paper makes investigation to 120 administrative villages, count the the output, the distribution characteristics, the composition and the treatment model of the rural garbage at this stage. The research shows that the composition of the rural garbage is very complicated, the total annual output of rural garbage is 5 295 600 tonnes, and the daily output per capital of household garbage is 0.8925 kg. According to the situation of Heiliongjiang Province, this paper analyze the main problem during the garbage disposal, some control measures are presented, this reaesrch could provide basic data and research for the following treatment. The significant new findings of the research is that the rational governance path of garbage is that, first classification, second recycling and third harmless treatment.