Wound healing is a complex process influenced by age, systemic conditions, and local factors. The wound microbiota’s crucial role in this process is gaining recognition. This concise review outlines wound microbiota impacts on healing, emphasizing distinct phases like hemostasis, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Inflammatory responses, orchestrated by growth factors and cytokines, recruit neutrophils and monocytes to eliminate pathogens and debris. Notably, microbiota alterations relate to changes in wound healing dynamics. Commensal bacteria influence immune responses, keratinocyte growth, and blood vessel development. For instance, Staphylococcus epidermidis aids keratinocyte progression, while Staphylococcus aureus colonization impedes healing. Other bacteria like Group A Streptococcus spp. And Pseudomonas affect wound healing as well. Clinical applications of microbiota-based wound care are promising, with probiotics and specific bacteria like Acinetobacter baumannii aiding tissue repair through molecule secretion. Understanding microbiota influence on wound healing offers therapeutic avenues. Tailored approaches, including probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotics, can manipulate the microbiota to enhance immune modulation, tissue repair, and inflammation control. Despite progress, critical questions linger. Determining the ideal microbiota composition for optimal wound healing, elucidating precise influence mechanisms, devising effective manipulation strategies, and comprehending the intricate interplay between the microbiota, host, and other factors require further exploration.

Perinatal hypoxia is a major cause of neurodevelopmental impairment and subsequent motor and cognitive dysfunctions; it is associated with fetal growth restriction and uteroplacental dysfunction during pregnancy. This review aims to present the current knowledge on brain development resulting from perinatal asphyxia, including the causes, symptoms, and means of predicting the degree of brain damage. Furthermore, this review discusses the specificity of brain development in the growth-restricted fetus and how it is replicated and studied in animal models. Finally, this review aims at identifying the least understood and missing molecular pathways of abnormal brain development, especially with respect to potential treatment intervention.

Background: We assessed the relationship between uterine artery (UtA) indices and the occurrence of obstetrical complications in twin pregnancies. Methods: It was a longitudinal, prospective observation of the UtA indices and obstetric outcomes in twin pregnancies between 11 weeks of gestation and delivery. We used a logistic regression model with reliable estimators of standard errors considering the longitudinal structure. In 150 patients with twin pregnancies, 1086 ultrasound examinations were performed. The analysis incorporated nomograms for singletons and dichorionic (DC) twins. Results: In twin pregnancies, we observed a positive relationship between UtA indices and obstetrical complications (OR = 1.32, p = 0.043 for standardized PI and OR = 1.38, p = 0.018 for standardized RI). The risk increased with increasing UtA indices. There was a significant positive relationship between the UtA indices and analyzed pathologies in DC twins. We observed that both DC twins’ UtA indices below the 5th percentile were associated with favorable outcomes, while those above the 95th percentile were associated with adverse outcomes. According to the singleton nomograms, only the UtA PI above the 95th percentile showed significance. In MC twins, only significantly elevated UtA indices above the upper limit of nomogram were associated with adverse outcomes. Conclusions: The UtA nomogram for singleton and DC twins may be used in the prediction of twin pregnancy outcome, but DC nomograms are more accurate. The mechanism of obstetric complications in MC twins differs, and it requires further research. However, it seems that DC twin nomograms can be used in MC twins, but they will be less effective.